Question

IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY LAB Assignment Spring 2019-2020 PLEASE CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING TOPICS TO WRITE YOUR ASSIGNMENT (10 MARKS) 1. Monoclonal Antibodies VS. Polyclonal Antibodies 2. Types of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies 3. Diagnostic Usage of the Antibodies 4. Develop Novel Antibodies against COVID-19 Disease KEY POINTS WORD COUNT: APPROX. 1000 WORDS. REFERENCES: INCLUDE THE REFERENCES USED IN THE TEXT AND THE REFERENCE LIST AT THE END OF THE ESSAY. DEADLINE FOR SUBMISSION Monday: March 30, 2020 at 2:00 pm ta

Answer 1

1. Monoclonal antibodies Vs Polyclonal antibodies

Monoclonal (Production)

Polyclonal (Production)

Produced by the same B cells that are twins from a parent. Detects identical epitopes of an antigen. Antibodies are made by tissue culture methods. Vaccination is given many a time to the animal at the beginning and then B lymphocytes are taken from its spleen, then combined with myeloma cells and B cell myeloma are produced through hybridization. Then it is grown in culture thus producing antibodies. Production is costly.

Produced by a variety of body's B cell clones. Detects different epitopes of a single antigen. Antibodies are being made by vaccinating immunogens into an animal. After the first immune response vaccination is given the second and the third time to elicit more antibodies against the antigen and finally takes the antibodies from the serum. Production is economical

Monoclonal (Advantages)	Polyclonal (Advantages)
A persistent and inexhaustible source Produce more amount of same antibodies Affinity to a single epitope Smaller background More patience for antigen binding with a group of linked molecules. High uniformity	Not expensive to generate Increased antibody bond to antigen because of multiple epitopes Able to identify low-value proteins Detects many epitopes More patience for dissimilarities in antigen Transformed protein identification is favored.
Disadvantages	Disadvantages
Detects only certain species Only one epitope Need more time to form cross-breed twins.	Uniformity has seen in different animals at clashing times. Multiple epitopes

APPLICATION (Monoclonal antibodies)

Used in immunotherapy such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, Heart diseases, Psoriasis, etc and immunoassays as the primary antibody.

APPLICATION (Polyclonal antibodies)

Used in identifying unknown antigens, in hemagglutination reactions. It is also used in immunoassays but as a secondary antibody.