Question

Case Study #2: The Day the Sky Roared Shortly after daybreak on April 3, 1974, thunder rumbled through the dark skies that covered much of the midwestern United States. Lightning struck areas from the Gulf Coast states to the Canadian border. By the predawn hours of the next day. the affected region of around 490.000 acres was devastated by more than 100 tornadoes. This "super outbreak was responsible for the deaths of more than 300 people in 11 states. More than 6100 people were injured by the storms, with approximately 27,500 families suffering some kind of loss. The total cost attributed to the disaster was more than $600 million. Amazingly, the storm resulted in six category five tornadoes with wind speeds exceeding 260 miles per hour. To put this figure in perspective, the region endured about one decade's worth of category five tornadoes in a single 24-hour period! Fujita Wind Damage Scale F-scale Wind Speed (mph) Damage F-0 Up to 72 F-1 73 to 112 F-2 113 to 157 F-3 158 to 206 F-4 207 to 260 F-5 Above 260 Light Moderate Severe Structural engineers and meteorologists are interested in understanding catastrophic events such as this tornado outbreak. Variables such as tornado intensity las described by the F scale), tornado duration (time spent by the tornado in contact with the ground), and death demographics can provide insights into these events and their impact on the human population. The following table lists the duration time and F scale for each tornado in the April 1974 super outbreak. Tornado Duration Times F- Tornado Duration (minutes) scale F-1 F-2 16, 13. 9. 8, 13, 10. 15,1, 17, 23, 10, 8, 12, 5, 20, 31, 12, 5, 30. 13. 7.1, 5. 13, 1, 2. 5, 10, 1, 20, 5 7.15. 2, 10, 23, 10. 7.12, 8. 1, 8, 19, 5, 10, 15, 20, 10.13, 20, 15, 13, 14. 1, 4. 2.15, 30. 91, 11, 5 9.20. 8, 16, 26, 36, 10, 20. 50, 17,26, 31. 21, 30, 23, 28, 23, 18, 35. 35, 15. 25, 30, 15. 22, 18. 58. 19, 23, 31. F4 F5 13, 26, 40, 14. 11 120, 23. 23, 42,47, 25, 22, 22, 34, 50, 38, 28. 39, 29. 28, 25, 34, 16, 40, 55, 124. 30, 30, 31 37, 69, 23, 52, 61, 122 The following table presents the number of deaths as a function of F scale and community size: Deaths as a Function of F-scale and Community Size F-Scale Deaths Community Size Rural areas F-1 0 Small communities 77 63 56 10 F-2 14 Small cities 32 Medium cities F4 129 Large cities F5 130

Answer 1

A single histogram that will display the distribution of tornado duration for all tornados

3)

Here Six histograms displaying tornado duration for each of the F-scale categories.

Does there appear to be a relationship between duration and intensity? If so, describe this relationship.

Histogram of F0 Tornado duration

Conclusion is given as:

Here appears correlation   between intensity and duration.

If you notice in the charts the less intensive tornadoes which are in F-0 scale tend to last fewer minutes and to be more frequent when lasting a short time.

On the other hand if you observe the last chart We will notice that even though there are few tornadoes its intensity is very high.

Something very unusual is that the tornadoes in F-3 scale were a lot more frequent in different durations of time than in any other scale even though they were not the least intense.

There appears to be a relationship between intensity and duration.

If We notice in the charts the less intensive tornadoes which are in F-0 scale tend to last fewer minutes and to be more frequent when lasting a short time.

On the other hand if you observe the last chart We will notice that even though there are few tornadoes its intesity is very high.

Something very unusual is that the tornadoes in F-3 scale were a lot more frequent in different durations of time than in any other scale even though they were not the least intense.

we can see that more than 70% deaths come from F-4 anf F-5

we can see tornados stike rural and smaller communiters more so places with open areas

summary: we see more tornados strike low population areas.

We also see large tornados last longer and cause more deaths

Also we see we have very low number of storms

Number of death as community size is given by above bar chart