Question

IN BULLET POINTS PLEASE

Understand the difference between allergic rhinitis and common cold. How does the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system affect the bronchioles? What is the pathophysiologic mechanism of asthma? What drugs are used in prevention of asthma attacks? Can you identify asthma triggers? What kind of foods can trigger asthma? What nursing activities are needed when caring for a client with asthma or COPD? What drugs are used in prevention of asthma attacksi?

Answer 1

ANSWERS

* Difference between allergic rhinitis and common cold.

            * Allergic rhinitis.

                      * It is a type of inflammation occur in the nose which result in

                         sneezing,itching and watery eyes.

                      * It is caused by environmental allergens like pollens,dust and

                         genetic factors.

           * Common cold.

                     * It is a common viral infection of the nose and throat.

                     * Symptoms include sore throat,low grade fever,nasal congestion,

                        runny nose etc.

* Effect of sympathetic and para sympathetic system in bronchioles.

                  * Sympathetic nerve system stimulation cause relaxation of smooth

                     muscles in the bronchioles leads to increase diameter of bronchioles.

                   * Para sympathetic system cause constricton of smooth muscles in

                     the bronchioles leads to decreased diameter of bronchioles.

* Pathophysiology of asthma.

              * Inflammation occur in the airway due to factors which trigger inflammation

                 of airway like airway irritants,stress,medications,infections etc.

              * Airway inflammation result in hyperresponsiveness,increased mucus production

                 airway muscle constriction and swelling of bronchial membranes.

              * All of the above reactions cause narrowing of the respiratory passage.

              * Narrowing of airway result in tightness of chest,wheezing,cough and shortness

                of breath. ( symptoms of asthma).

* Drugs used to prevent asthma attack.

             * Anticholinergics.(ipratropium bromide)

             * Corticosteroid metered dose inhalers.

             * Methylxanthines.

             * Leukotriene mordifiers inhibitors.

* Asthma triggers and foods which trigger asthma.

            * Asthma triggers can identify by observing the symptoms like

                            * Difficulty in breathing.

                            * Increased respiratory reate.

                            * Sneezing.

                            * cough.

                            * Diaphoresis.

                            * Presence of rashes on the body.

                            * Tachycardia.

           * Foods trigger asthma.

                           * Peanuts.

                           * Eggs.

                           * Wheat.

                           * Shrimp and shellfish.

                           * Tree nuts.

* Nursing activities when caring for asthma or COPD.

                         * Obtain history of allergic reactions before administering

                            medications.

                         * Assess the breath sounds,pulse oxymetry and vitalsigns

                           of the patient.

                        * Administer fluids if patient dehydrated.

                        * Administer anti inflammatory drugs and antibiotics as per doctors

                          order.

                       * Ensure the patient room free of respiratory irritants like flowers,tobacco

                          smoke,perfumes etc.

                       * Educate patient about how to use inhalers to prevent asthmatic attacks.