Briefly summarize (1 sentence) in your own words the Philosophy/Theory of the following nurses: a. Nightingale b. Henderson c. Watson d. Benner e. Peplau f. Orlando g. Pender h. Leininger i. Newman
Underneath I have described the nursing theories with key components so that it becomes easier to understand.
a) Nightingale's Theory of Nursing
Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory
Florence Nightingale is considered the first nursing theorist. She believed the environment had a strong influence on patient outcomes, and many elements of her Environmental Theory are still practiced today. There are 10 key aspects of the theory. They are:
Patients should have clean air and a temperature-controlled environment
Patients should have access to direct sunlight and not be subjected to unnecessary noise, especially when sleeping
Rooms should be kept clean
Hospital facilities should be well-constructed
Bedding should be changed and aired frequently
Patients should be kept clean and nurses should wash hands frequently
Patients should be offered a variety of scenery, such as new books or flowers, to prevent boredom
Nurses should be positive but not offer false hope to patients or make light of their illness
Offer a variety of small meals instead of large ones, and do not do patient care while patient is eating as it is distracting
Consider not only the individual patient but the context of where he or she lives
Florence Nightingale defined nursing over 100 years ago as "the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery( Nightingale,1860). NIghtingale considered a clean,well-ventilated, and quiet environment essential for recovery.
b) Henderson Theory of Nursing
Henderson defined nursing as doing things for patients that they would do for themselves if they could, that is if they were physically able or had the required knowledge. Nursing helps the patient become healthy or die peacefully, and also helps people work toward independence, so that they can begin to perform the relevant activities for themselves as quickly as possible. Rather than focus on a particular task, Henderson focused on the patient.
Henderson also enumerated the 14 functions she believed to be part of basic nursing care. The nurse should help the patient to perform the following functions:
c) Watson Theory of Nursing
Watson believed that holistic health care is central to the
practice of caring in nursing. She defines nursing as "a human
science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are
mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic and
ethical human transactions."
Watson's model makes seven assumptions:
d) Benner Theory of Nursing
Dr Patricia Benner introduced the concept that expert nurses develop skills and understanding of patient care over time through a sound educational base as well as a multitude of experiences.
She described 5 levels of nursing experience as;
e) Peplau Theory of Nursing
Theory of Interpersonal Relations in Nursing
In Peplau's (1952/1991/1997) theory, nursing is defined as an interpersonal, therapeutic process that takes place when professionals, specifically educated to be nurses, engage in therapeutic relationships with people who are in need of health services.
f) Orlando Theory of Nursing
The Nursing Process was based on a theory developed by nurse Ida
Jean Orlando. This theory delves into the purpose of nurses and
their requirements in the medical field.
The theory assumes that a patient who cannot cope with their
medical needs without assistance will become distressed and begin
feeling helpless. At the base level, nursing can contribute to this
distress. However, Orlando theorized that the nurse/patient
relationship is one that is decided by both parties. The patient
cannot appropriately convey their needs or fears without first
establishing a close relationship with the nurse. As such, nurses
exist to offer patients a motherly and nurturing presence to
relieve distress.
g) Pender Theory of Nursing
Nola Pender developed her Health Promotion model, often abbreviated HPM.
The purpose of the model is to assist nurses in understanding
the major determinants of health behaviors as a basis for
behavioral counseling to promote healthy lifestyles. Pender's
theory encourages scholars to look at variables that have been
shown to impact health behavior. It uses research findings from
nursing, psychology, and public health into a model of health
behavior. The model can be used as a foundation to structure
nursing protocols and interventions. In practices, nurses should
focus on understanding and addressing the variables most predictive
of given health behaviors.
There are five key concepts in the Health Promotion Model: person,
environment, nursing, health, and illness.
h) Leininger Theory of Nursing
Leininger defined transcultural nursing as an area of study that focuses on comparative cultural care based on the beliefs, practices, and values of care-seeking patients. Its main purpose is to provide both universal and culture-based nursing practices that promote well-being and health.
i) Newman Theory of Nursing
Margaret A. Newman was influenced by Martha Rogers' Theory of
Unitary Human Beings, Itzhak Bentov's Concept of the Evolution of
Consciousness, Arthur Young's Theory of Process, and David Bohm's
Theory of Implicate as she developed her model of nursing.
The Health as Expanding Consciousness theory makes the following
assumptions:
Briefly summarize (1 sentence) in your own words the Philosophy/Theory of the following nurses: a. Nightingale...
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