Question

a) Explain Shannon's diagram in your own words. Be specific and technical.

b) Briefly compare and contrast the current Internet with the "old" PSTN (public switched telephone network) in terms of being a "universal service".

c) Briefly compare and contrast the telegraph and the Internet.  

d) Explain, with your own diagrams and in your own words, the idea of modulating a carrier wave and why it is significant in communications systems.

e) Briefly describe HTML, CSS, and JS. Then construct a simple"argument" in favor of all iSchool students learning basic HTML 5, CSS, and JS.  

f) What is meant by the "Four Vs" of Big Data?

Answer 1

a) Shannon's diagram

Explanation -

The sender encodes the message and sends it to the receiver through a technological channel like telephone and telegraph. The sender converts the message into codes understandable to the machine. The message is sent in codes through a medium.

The receiver has to decode the message before understanding it and interpreting it. The receptor machine can also act as a decoder in some cases. The channel can have noise and the receiver might not have the capacity to decode which might cause problems in communication process.

Since, air is the channel here, the noise present in his environment that disturbs them is the noise whereas his response is the feedback.

b) Compare and contrast between current internet and old PSTN.

Ans-

PSTN(Public switched telephone network)

1- Consist of Dedicated Lines

2 - Each line is 64kbps (in each direction)

3 - Features such as call waiting, Caller ID and so on are usually available at an extra cost

4 - Can be upgraded or expanded with new equipment and line provisioning

5 - Long distance is usually per minute or bundled minute subscription.

CURRENT INTERNET TELEPHONE

1 - All channels carried over one Internet connection

2 - Compression can result in 10kbps (in each direction)

3 - Features such as call waiting, Caller ID and so on are usually included free with service

4 - Upgrades usually requires only bandwidth and software upgrades

5 - Long distance is often included in regular monthly price.

c) Compare and contrast between telegraph and internet .

TELEGRAPH

1. Before the telegraph, it would take months for a message to be sent across the country or across the Atlantic.

2. The telegraph was definitely more influential than the internet because not only did it minimize the time to send a message, it also saved lives .

3.Prior to the telegraph, it took days, weeks, and even months for messages to be sent from one location to another.

4.It was used when the internet was not made available to the public till 1994.

INTERNET

1. Before the internet, and its instant messaging, it takes few minutes to send a message, using the telegraph.

2. In the early stages of the internet, it was only used by the scientists and researchers.

3. With the introduction of the internet, personal communication became much more convenient in the use of emailing.

4. The internet was not available for public use until 1994 before that telegraph was used.

d) Modulating a carrier wave.

Carrier wave is a waveform that is modulated with an information bearing signal for the purpose of conveying information.  Carrier wave usually has a much higher frequency than the input signal does. The purpose of the carrier is usually either to transmit the information through space as an electromagnetic wave .

Carrier wave is very significant in communication because signal produced by us is having low frequency which can travel lonely though the space So, we modulate the weak signal using carrier wave having high frequency so that it can travel through the space easily and efficiently.

e) HTML, CSS and JS

1. HTML

HTML is a computer language devised to allow website creation. These websites can then be viewed by anyone who is connected to the Internet. It is relatively easy to learn, with the basics being accessible to most people in one sitting; and quite powerful in what it allows you to create. It is constantly undergoing revision and evolution to meet the demands and requirements of the growing Internet audience .

2. CSS

CSS stands for "Cascading Style Sheet." Cascading style sheets are used to format the layout of Web pages. They can be used to define text styles, table sizes, and other aspects of Web pages that previously could only be defined in a page's HTML.

While CSS is great for creating text styles, it is helpful for formatting other aspects of Web page layout as well. For example, CSS can be used to define the cell padding of table cells, the style, thickness, and color of a table's border, and the padding around images or other objects.

3. JS

JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and most commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow client-side script to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an interpreted programming language with object-oriented capabilities.

argument in favor of students learning HTML 5, CSSand JS.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the most basic building block of the Web. It defines the meaning and structure of web content.

CSS gives Web developers more exact control over how Web pages will look than HTML does. This is why most Web pages today incorporate cascading style sheets.

HTML and CSS are static. You cannot change HTML and CSS (by changing the HTML or CSS file) after a website gets loaded. But JavaScript gives you the ability to change the HTML and CSS on the page.

f) Four V's of big data are :-

1.Volume

Big data always has a large volume of data. This is due to the building up of a volume of data from unstructured sources like social media interaction, posting or sharing reviews on the web page, mobile phones, and many more.

2. Velocity

Velocity refers to the speed at which the data is coming in and how quickly the organizations are analysing and utilizing it. Processing the data using analytics tool can produce the answers to the queries through reports, dashboards, etc.

3. Variety

Different sources like social media, CRM systems, call center logins, emails, audio and video forms produce varied data. Managing such complex data is a big challenge for companies.

4. Veracity

Veracity refers to an uncertainty of data available, which makes it harder for the companies to react quickly and make appropriate solutions. Organizing the data according to groups, value and significance will enable you to have a better strategy to use the data.