Question

1. How does climate change affect world fisheries? give 5 examples

2.what is the state world fisheries and aquaculture?

3. what is the extractive sector transparency measure act? What could be the impact of this law on the management of natural resources in developing countries

Answer 1

1.

Climate change will affect fish and their habitats. Warmer temperatures will influence the abundance, migratory patterns and mortality rates of wild fish stocks and determine what species can be farmed in certain regions.These climatic effects on fish will have social and economic consequences for people dependent on fisheries and aquaculture - from workers to coastal communities to consumers of fish.

2.Global total capture fisheries production was 90.9 million tonnes in 2016, a small decrease in comparison to the two previous years. World total marine catch was 81.2 million tonnes in 2015 and 79.3 million tonnes in 2016. Catches of anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) by Peru and Chile, which are often substantial yet highly variable because of the influence of El Niño, accounted for 1.1 million tonnes of this decrease (Tables 2 and 3). Decreasing catches affected 64 percent of the 25 top producer countries (China, Indonesia, United States of America, Russian Federation, Peru, India, Japan, Viet Nam, Norway, Philippines, Malaysia, Chile, Morocco, Republic of Korea, Thailand, Mexico, Myanmar, Iceland, Spain, Canada, Taiwan, Province of China, Argentina, Ecuador, United Kingdom, Denmark ), but only 37 percent of the remaining 170 countries.

Total marine catches by China, the world’s top producer by far, were stable in 2016, but the inclusion of a progressive catch reduction policy in the national Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for 2016–2020 is expected to result in significant decreases in coming years, with a predicted reduction of more than 5 million tonnes by 2020. As in 2014, Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) again surpassed anchoveta as the top species in 2016, with the highest catches since 1998. However, preliminary data for 2017 showed a significant recovery of anchoveta catches. Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) ranked third for the seventh consecutive year. All the most valuable species groups with significant production – lobsters, gastropods, crabs and shrimps, with an estimated average value by group of USD 8 800 to USD 3 800 per tonne – marked a new catch record in 2016.

Total global catch in inland waters was 11.6 million tonnes in 2016, an increase of 2.0 percent over the previous year and of 10.5 percent in comparison to the 2005–2014 average. In 2016, 16 countries, mostly in Asia, produced almost 80 percent of these catches. The continuously increasing trend of inland fisheries production may be misleading, however, as some of the increase can be attributed to improved reporting and assessment at the country level and may not be entirely due to increased production.

3.The Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act (ESTMA) was enacted by the Parliament of Canada in December 2014 and came into force on June 1, 2015.

The Act requires businesses to publicly report certain payments they make to all levels of government in Canada and abroad in relation to the commercial development of oil, gas and minerals. The purpose of the ESTMA is to deter corruption in the global extractive sector by making government revenues from natural resources transparent to the public. The reports will be made available on publicly accessible websites by reporting businesses, and a link to every report submitted will be available on the ESTMA website.

The Act responds to a commitment that Canada made at the 2013 G8 Leaders’ Summit; where leaders agreed to raise global standards of transparency in the extractive sector, reduce the potential for corruption, and ensure that citizens benefit fully from the extraction of natural resources.