Question

write 500 words pursuasive paper in support of abortion using medical ethics theories, principles, and medical ethics do not use religion including bibliography using MLA formart

Answer 1

Obstetrics is a specialty dealing with two lives, closed linked, whose interests may not always coincide.Abortion raises a lot of ‘heat and dust’ during policy discussions.In some countries elections have been lost on this issue. Hippocrates considered termination of pregnancy as unethical. Time have changed and abortion has been accepted by many societies, the
health of the mother being the most important consideration. Abortion is one of the most controversial issues in today’s world. People tend to turn to the law when trying to decide what is the best possible solution to an unwanted pregnancy. ‘Antagonistic relationship’ between the woman and her unborn child may occur. Whether fetus in utero has rights before viability is a
subject of dispute and opinion. In any case, the embryo or fetus of any age is protected by Hippocratic code.

Ethics is an essential dimension of the obstetrics practice.Ethics is the disciplined study of mortality. Ethical principles and virtues should be applied to all the physicians, regardless of their personal, religious and spiritual beliefs. Ethics may be extended to professional responsibility, mortality, etiquette, values and attitudes. Ethics tends to be focused on moral goods rather than natural goods.Obstetricians should have their own professional ethical values, ethics core value and ethics family values. While morality in behavior may be concerned with one’s personal convictions and legality the result of what the society considers acceptable, ethicality is often decided by professional consensus. Thus, there is a thin line between what is ‘ethical’ and what is ‘legal’
Ethical issues are identified and framed through a ‘naturalized bioethics’ approach. This approach critiques traditional bioethics and gives attention to everyday ethics and the social, economic and political context within which ethical problems exist. Moral problems of healthcare extend well-beyond the issues that interest the media and ethical experts. Expanding
our concept of an ethical problem to include the moral problems of everyday life strengthens the moral imagination we need to create ‘good’ obstetric care. Ethical questions about health, illness and medical care were once considered to be best left to the judgment of physicians. Bioethics replaced the notion that ‘doctor knows best’ with theoretically grounded approaches
to decision-making in medicine. In order to help resolve the dilemmas that arise in healthcare, academic
MEDICAL ETHICS
bioethicists have called upon a number of ethical theories-deontology, teleology, virtue theory, care ethics, feminist ethics, to name a few but the day-to-day work of bioethicists in the clinic and on research review committees is, for the most part, guided by a method of ethical problem solving known as ‘principalism’.authors  set forth
four principles.
Respect for:
 Autonomy
 Beneficence
 Nonmaleficence
 Justice
Autonomy
This principle acknowledges the fact that the patient has a perspective of her interest based on her values and beliefs. The patient has the right to choose or refuse treatment. Autonomy in Medical Ethics We live in the “time of the triumph of autonomy in bioethics” in which “the law and ethics of medicine are dominated by one paradigm-the autonomy of the patient”. This is perhaps not surprising given that “from the outset, the conceptual framework of bioethics has accorded paramount status to the value complex of individualism, underscoring the principles of individual rights, autonomy, self-determination and
their legal expression in the jurisprudential notion of privacy”. The patient-doctor relationship only works when each can trust the other.
Beneficence
A doctor should always have the best interest of the patient as the supreme consideration. Doctor should assess objectively and meticulously all the available diagnostic and therapeutic options and to implement those that protect and promote the interest of the patient by ensuring a balance of good over harm.
Nonmaleficence
A doctor must make sure that in the first place, he does no harm.
Justice
It is the fair distribution of health resources and the decision of who gets what treatment is fairness and equality. Central issue concerns the moral status of the human fetus. It concerns the nature and attributes that an entity requires to have ‘full moral standing’ or ‘moral inviolability’ including a ‘right to life’. But what of the human being, as it develops from newly fertilized ovum, to pre-embryo, embryo, fetus, new born baby, to unequivocally mature autonomous person with full moral standing including a moral and legal right not to be killed at least.

First step in the evolution of ethics is the solidarity with
the other human being, only one rule in medical ethics need concern you-that action on your part which best conserves the interest of your patient. Ethical dimensions are unique to obstetrics.There are two interwoven patient interests, which may
be at odds. Abortion is an issue that overwhelmingly
MEDICAL ETHICS
Until recently, the mother was the patient to be cared for, fetus was another maternal organ. Many advances in diagnosis and treatment has now established fetus as a patient have contributes to ethical and legal considerations involving the fetus.
Abortion involves killing of a fetus. By killing a fetus is deprived of future of value. The loss of these possible  futures is bad. It makes the killing of a fetus wrong. This is Don Marquis’s arguments against abortion which does not rest on the logical promises. In the countries, when safe abortion is illegal or unavailable, this results in self-imposed or back street abortion and all the ills that flow from that injury, infection, infertility, wastage of female life could be condoned in ethical terms.
“The issue is not so much whether or when the embryo is deserving of respect per se, but how much respect and value we accord to a life that does not even know it is alive, relative to the respect and value we have for the life of the woman who carries it”. To compel women to bear unwanted children is form of ethical despotism. In Mill’s words: Compelling each to live as seems good to positive rest. If people are to be free, that freedom must include freedom to make these difficult and extremely personal choices. Promotion of freedom and the prevention of suffering are fundamental goals, which society ought to support. Denying woman abortion is, leading woman to reproductive end. Opponents of abortion maintain that killing embryo or fetus is morally wrong. But it is not established that either abortion or embryo destruction is wrong all thing
considered. There are other important considerations that outweigh our obligation not to destroy embryo
or fetuses. In the case of embryonic stem cell research, the enormous potential to save people’s lives and to improve their quality-of-life outweigh the wrong of the destruction of source of some embryos. Abortion is inherently different from other procedures because no other procedure involves the purposeful termination of potential life. If the fetus is a person, then it has the rights that belong to persons, including right to life. The concept of person-hood, in other words is the bridge that connects the fetus with the right to life Thus, in the system of human rights, there is often a need to balance rights against each other. The right to the life of the mother and the same right of the fetus.