Question

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When we build a new measurement tool as a “questionnaire”, we need to make sure that the questionnaire is “valid” and “reliable”. In this article we will discuss the concept of validity and reliability. The validityRefers to the degree to which a measurement tool “questionnaire” measures what it supposed to measured. While the reliability Refers to the degree to which a measurement tool “questionnaire” can produce similar results when repeated under the same conditions. There are many ways to examine validity and reliability of questionnaires we will discuss them briefly at this article. When we talk about reliability, we define it as the degree to which a measurement tool “questionnaire” can produce similar results when repeated under the same conditions. There are different ways to examine reliability including “Test‑retest Reliability”, “intra‑observer reliability”, “Alternate‑form Reliability”, “inter‑observer reliability” and “Internal Consistency or Cronbach alpha”. And we usually test reliability on a Pilot study.  Test‑retest Reliability means if assessments made on two separate occasions on the same individual are similar, provided that measured condition doesn’t change over time and the interval of time is long enough so that they can’t memorize the previous answer Intra‑observer reliability means if there is an agreement between assessments on the same individuals by the same observer on two different occasions Alternate‑form Reliability occurs when we give the participants in a research two different versions of the same test at the same time or following some days. The scores are then compared to see if it is a reliable form of testingInter‑observer reliability means if there is an agreement between different observers assessing the same individuals Internal Consistency or Cronbach alpha if a scale has several questions or items which all address the same issue then we usually expect each individual to get similar scores for those questions, i.e. we expect their responses to be internally consistent. A statistical quantity, Cronbach’s alpha, is often used to assess the degree of internal consistency. Alpha lies between 0 and 1 and needs to be 0.7 or higher to be reliable There are different ways to examine validity including “Face validity”, “Content validity” , “Criterion-related validity” and “ Construct validity”. Face validity is done by reviewing the questionnaire byexperts to determine if it measures what it supposed to measured, while content validity means reviewing the questionnaire by experts to determine if it covers all relevant areas of the topic, as we see face and content validity are subjectively measured and need consensus among experts, Face validity is the weakest method to assess validity, so some researchers believe that it is not a measure of validity at all. However, it is the most used measure of validity in developing countries. Criterion-related validity means testing our new questionnaire by comparing it against a well-established test or predictor. There are many different types of Criterion-related validity: “Concurrence validity” and “Predictive validity”. Concurrence validity means assessing our developing questionnaire by comparing it against a well-established test, while Predictive validity assesses the ability of the questionnaire to predict future outcomes. Construct validity means testing our new questionnaire without comparing it against any tests or reviewing by experts There are two different types of Construct validity: “Convergent validity”, “Discriminant validity”, “Known‑group validity”, “Factorial validity” and “Hypothesis‑testing validity”. Convergent validity takes two measurement tools that are supposed to be measuring the same concept and shows that if they are related. Discriminant validity means that the instrument doesn’t show correlation with closely-related concepts not supposed to be covered by the instrument. Known-groups validity is demonstrated when a test or questionnaire can discriminate between two groups known to differ on the variable of interest. Factorial validity is somewhat confusing but it means examining the interrelationships among the items of questionnaire and to identify clusters of items that correlate with each other to identify their existence as a factor. we have an evidence support a research hypothesis about the relationship between two variables, so we can predict the outcome variable by measuring predictor variable

Answer 1

When we used to measure toll it must have the Questionaire means that should be genuine and accurate, the results should be same when we do it with same conditions,which means validity and reliability used to measure to examine this like Test- retest reliability,Intra -observer reliability,inner -observer reliability,Alternate-form reliability and finally internal consistency or cronbach alpha..pilot study used to test reliability..
Test-retest reliability means the provided condition doesn't change but interval take time
Intra-observer reliability means assessment between same individual ,same observer with two different occasions.
Alternate form reliability means with assessment two different versions,same test,same time..Then this scores will be measured by
Inter-observer reliability means different observer,same individual assessment
Internal consistency or cronbach alpha is a scale making more questions focus on same issues to get same score from each individual.
cronbach's alpha used to assess the internal consistency it score between 0 to 1 and needs to be 0.7 or higher to be reliable..Different validity like face validity,content validity,criterion related validity and construct validity..
Face validity done by experts with test to confirm the measures..
content validity done by experts with test to determine that relevant areas of the topics..when we compare face and content validity experts make general agreement on face validity..face validity is a weakest method for measuring validity..But it is the most measure of validity in many countries..
Criterion -related validity measures comparing against the test..It has two types concurrence validity and predictive validity..
Concurrence validity assess developed questionaire by well-established test
Predictive validity assess the ability of the questionaire to focus on outcomes
construct validity comparing with any test and with any experts.It has five types of construct validity
Convergent validity: Two measurement tools with same concept it is related to discriminant validity which means it does not show close-related concept by the instrument..
Known -group validity result can discriminate between two groups with variables..
Factorial validity it test the interrelationship among test to findout the connection of items which interface each other to find out their factor..
Hypothesis-testing validity is a evidence based research hypothesis between two variables..so we can get the outcome variables by predictor variable measurements..