Question

Be able to define Epidemic (common and point source) Cyclic fluctuations . . Health disparities Operations Research . Human Biological Clock Phenomenon Residual disorder Nativity Gini Index SpotMap Treatment crossover . Washout period Attributable Risk Case clustering . Crude death rate . Proportional mortality ratio Standardized mortality ratio . Prevalence (point andperiod) Incidence rate Relative risk Odds Ratio Null hypothesis Triangular Population distributions Dynamic Population Age cohort effects Survival curves

Answer 1

Epidemic (common and point source)
An epidemic is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less.

Point Source Outbreak. Persons are exposed to the same source over a brief time, such as through a single meal or at an event. The number of cases rises rapidly to a peak and falls gradually. Most cases occur within one incubation period.

A point source outbreak is a common source outbreak in which the exposure period is relatively brief and all cases occur within one incu- bation period. Figure 3 illustrates a point source epidemic curve. A propagated outbreak is one that is. spread from person to person.

Cyclic fluctuations
An increase or decrease in the frequency of a disease or health condition in a population over a period of years or within each year.

Health disparities
Healthcare disparities refer to differences in access to or availability of facilities and services. Health status disparities refer to the variation in rates of disease occurrence and disabilities between socioeconomic and/or geographically defined population groups.

Operations Research
Operations research (OR) is an analytical method of problem-solving and decision-making that is useful in the management of organizations. In operations research, problems are broken down into basic components and then solved in defined steps by mathematical analysis.

Human Biological Clock Phenomenon
Sleep-wake and other daily patterns are part of our circadian rhythms, (circum means "around" and dies, "day") which are governed by the body's internal or biological clock, housed deep within the brain. But research has been finding that the body's clock is responsible for more than just sleep and wakefulness.

Residual disorder
Residual symptoms indicating incomplete remission from depression present an important clinical problem. They occur in up to a third of depressed patients after acute treatment, and they span the typical symptoms of depression, except those of severe depressive disorder.

Nativity
The process or circumstances of being born.

Gini Index
The Gini index or Gini coefficient is a statistical measure of distribution developed by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini. It is often used as a gauge of economic inequality, measuring income distribution or, less commonly, wealth distribution among a population.

Spot Map
Map showing the geographic location of people with a specific attribute, for example, cases of an infectious disease.

Treatment crossover
A crossover treatment design is a repeated measurements design such that each experimental unit (patient) receives different treatments during the different time periods, i.e., the patients cross over from one treatment to another during the course of the trial.

Washout period
A washout period is defined as the time between treatment periods. Instead of immediately stopping and then starting the new treatment, there will be a period of time where the treatment from the first period where the drug is washed out of the patient's system.

Attributable Risk
Attributable risk or risk difference is used to quantify risk in the exposed group that is attributable to the exposure. Population attributable risk estimates the proportion of disease in the study population that is attributable to the exposure.

Case clustering
Case clustering refers to the phenomenon of unexpectedly high occurence of a disease or health event in people closely grouped together with respect to a geographical area or time. Clustering provides evidence of possible association between diseases and exposures to a common risk factor or and causal organism.

Crude death rate
The crude death rate is the number of deaths occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given geographical area during the same year.