Question

1. What are the different kinds of incontinence?
2. What is bladder training?
3. What is an early sign of a UTI in the elderly?
4. What should not be present in a specimen for urinalysis?
5. How is a specimen taking from a patient with an indwelling (Foley) catheter?

Answer 1

1.The different types of Urinary Incontinence are

1. Stress Incontinence : It occurs whenever pressure is exerted on the pelvic floor. Like wile laughing, coughing,lifting heavy objects, this occurs due to poor closure of the bladder.
2. Urge Incontinence : It is the sudden and intense urge to urinate even after emptying the bladder.
3. Functional Incontinence : It mostly seen among the elderly patients suffering with physical or mental diseases like Alzheimer's disease, arthritis which prevents them reaching to toilet on time.
4. Overflow Incontinence : Here emptying the bladder becomes difficult because of blockage in the urethra or poor bladder contraction.
5. Mixed Incontinence : It can occur due to overreactive bladder and stress incontinence. Very common among women.
6. Total Incontinence : It is complete loss of control over urinary bladder resulting in a constant urine leakage.
7. Betwetting: It is common among under 5 children because of immaturityof the urinary bladder. But medical consultation is required above 5years of age.

2.Bladder training : It is the training program given in order to control the bladder. This is achieved through pelvic floor exercises like kegels' exercise, which strengthen the pelvic muscles. It is the behaviour therapy to treat Urinary Tract infection.

The goal is to increase the amount of time between emptying the bladder and the amount of fluids the bladder can hold.

3. The early signs of urinary tract infection among elderly people are

• Urine with abnormal odour
• Urethral burning with urination
• Fever
• Chills
• Frequent urination
• An urgency to urinate
• Painful urination

4.The specimen that should not be found in the urine are bacteria and if either nitrates or Leukocytes waterside which is the product of WBC is detected, it may be sign of Urinary tract infection