Question

0. What is the "cardiac reserve and what is its significance to maintenance of health 31. The spleen has a number of important functions. State three of these functions and how their impairment would lead to a serious health problem. 2 What is Hodgkin's lymphoma and what is the "Ann Arbor system" as it relates to this type of lymphoma. 33. Identify a potential advarse effect of any imaging agent or drug currently used in nuclear medical imaging? What is the drug/imaging agent, for what purpose is it used and, pathophysiologically, how does this condition arise and can it be treated and, if so, how? 4. What is Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and how is it treated 5. Mrs. Alvarez is a generally active 90-year old that has been recently complaining of difficulty breathing and has low blood ox ygen levels particularly during resting periods. Her cardiovascular function tests have been normal for a person less than her age and testingimaging has shown that she is not suffering from any blood loss anywhere in her body, her lung perfusion imaging shows good lung volume but substantially decreased gas absorption A pulmonologist has been called in and suspects that Mrs. Alvarez has "idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis." Note: this question will lkely require that yoau use information learned as well as do just a linle bit of internet iteraure reseanch Please cite any intemet/literature sources that you

Answer 1

30 Cardiac reserve is the difference between max CO and CO at rest.It is an increase in cardiac output above its level at rest.Therefore a trained athlete would be expected to have a greater ability to increase the cardiac output compared to a non-athlete.

31 Functions of spleen are

• Phagocytosis of bacteria and other foreign materials in the blood as part of the bodys defense.
• Phagocytosis of old,defective erythrocytes and platelets from circulating blood.
• it serves as a reservoir for platelets.

Impairement of spleen could result in sickle cell anaemia, and malaria as it serves as a deathpoint for old red blood cells and platelets and a storage site for blood and platelets.it also helps in providing proper immune function and helps in clearing bacteria.

32 Hodgkins lymphoma is characterized by proliferation of abnormal giant ,multinucleated cells located in the lymph nodes and originating from bone marrow.Ann Arbor Staging system is related to Cotswold modifications.Ann Arbor staging system is for hodgkin lymphoma in which stage 1-2 have favourable prognosis and B symptoms have worse prognosis.

33 Single Protein emission tomography(SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) uses nuclear medicine.SPECT is a 360 degree imaging of the body utilizing radiopharmaceuticals.In nuclear medicine,we administer the radiopharmaceutial to the patient ,as opposed to shooting radiation through the patient.In this we administer a radioactive substance that has been produced by a nuclear reactor or a cyclotron .After attaching this radioactive substance to a pharmaceutical agent to create a radiopharmaceutical The radioactivity is produced by the breakdown of an unstable element ,a process known as radio-decay.Because of radio-decay ,the radiopharmaceutical hangs around in the body for a finite period of time and doesnt continue to irradiate the patient forever.

34 it is a disease that results from a mutation in the dystrophin gene and causes muscle weakness and degradation .This will effect muscle movement around the body ,including the heart.

Currently there is no cure for the condition .Some of the ways we can manage DMD are Glucocorticoid steroids,excercise and support.