Question

HIYUUICE U ULICU L ILIL VIA ISLALII PIULICI 8. A. With Clear Examples, provide the acceptable Turabian Reference format of End Note and the Bibliography style separately for books, journal/periodicals, chapter in book, conference proceedings, direct interview, web materials and audio/video materials? B. Plagiarism is a scientific fraud, do you agree?

That's the question

Answer 1

Ans b): Scientific misconduct includes unethical publication practices such as plagiarism and duplicate publication. Plagiarism of text is defined as copying a portion of text from another source without giving credit to its author and without enclosing the source text in quotation marks when using verbatim text.

Plagiarism is serious, for a number of reasons. First and foremost, it fundamentally violates the quest for truth. Researchers have published something in their own name, even though it has been taken from another researcher, source etc. In terms of research integrity, this is questionable irrespective of whether the material has been lifted from a public website, or another researcher's publication etc.

Plagiarism is also a serious problem because it occurs relatively frequently. As noted above, this harms the research community is a number of ways. It could also be harmful to colleagues or the relationship to fellow researchers if someone takes the credit for something others have spent time and effort on formulating or discovering.

Among the Norwegian cases of misconduct that have been brought to the attention of the National Commission for Investigation of Research Misconduct, a fair number have involved plagiarism. It is especially important to note that broadly speaking, all cases examined over the last eight years in which a conclusion of some form of research misconduct has been reached have primarily centred on plagiarism. In other words, there is ample reason to focus on this issue, despite the fact that even in primary school we were instructed not to copy others and in upper secondary we were scrupulously taught that plagiarism is forbidden.

Moreover, it is worth noting that even if an investigation of suspected plagiarism fails to end with a conclusion of research misconduct as defined by the Research Ethics Act (e.g. because of failure to fulfil the criterion of guilt), plagiarism is or may remain just as harmful. If the plagiarism is serious in light of its scope or content, sanctions should include, for example, withdrawal of the publication, irrespective of whether the plagiarism has been committed negligently or wilfully. All other things being equal, personal sanctions targeting the culprit will be more far-reaching if the case involves definitive research misconduct in the strict sense of the law.

This being said, it needs to be pointed out that not all textual similarities equal plagiarism, and not all plagiarism in a research context should be deemed to constitute research misconduct or be perceived as equally serious.