Question

Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines. Discuss which guidelines you think is the most difficult to establish. Discuss the four types of casual relationships and use an example not listed in the textbook to describe each relationship.

Answer 1

Association is an occurrence of one variable happens by chance. it is simply by knowing the value of one variable gives information on other variables.
Causation differentiated from the association when the link between two variables.
Causation is more difficult always to prove than correlation. we can not always find true causality.
Association has consistency and specificity it provide the correlation with one variable, it has a strong association with the disease.
Four types of a casual relationship are
-Necessary and sufficient
-Necessary, but not sufficient
-sufficient, but not necessary
-neither sufficient nor necessary
Necessary and sufficient-for producing the disease, the factor is important for producing the disease.
Necessary, but not sufficient- cause of the disease, for example, degenerative diseases like neoplastic disease affects many systems with a variety of factors.
sufficient but not necessary - the factor that produces the disease and other factors like poor health and unhealthy lifestyle is the other cofactors.
Neither sufficient nor necessary: The factor neither sufficient nor necessary to produce the disease, this is a more complex model with casual relationships for most chronic diseases.