Case Scenario: A one-year old child is brought into the clinic for a high fever (greater...
Case Scenario: A one-year old child is brought into the clinic for a high fever (greater than 101.4) chills, and a cough lasting five days. The child is lethargic, not eating or drinking. The mother states there was a flu bug in the home, so she thought the symptoms would be resolved, but became concerned when the child was so lethargic that he would not eat or drink.
Question: Describe the pathogenesis of fever, both as a protective and problematic issue.
Homework Answers
Fever
A higher than normal body temperature of a person , usually caused by a disease is called fever. It is aso known as Pyrexia or elevated body temperature , usually above 99.5 degree F or 37.5 Celsius. The normal body temperature of human is 98.6 degree F or 37 degree Celsius. Fever is a protective mechanism of our body as it may inhibit pathogen growth in the body and improve immune function. But fever ( rise in body temperature) can be dangerous at times as the high body temperature may cause convulsions. So the fever has both protective and problematic role .
Pathogenesis of fever
Fever or elevated body temperature may occur due to various causes such as entry of pathogenic organisms or antigenic substances ( They are collectively called pyrogens ) or due to any injury or disorders.
* Fever in condition other than infections ( neoplasms, Myocardial infarction, embolism) :
Injury to the cell and tissue
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Production of pyrogen from the injured cells or abnormal cells
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Presence of pyrogens in blood increase production of Prostaglandins E 2 and increase the set point of thermoregulation
( hypothalamus in the brain is the center for temperature regulation)
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Increase in set point, stimulates hypothalamus for initiating heat production behaviours ( vasoconstriction , shivering etc.)
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Results in elevation of body temperature
* Fever in infections
Infection by micro organisms or its toxins or any other antigenic substances
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Activate phagocytosis ( Swallowing and destructing of microbes by blood cells, phagocytes: White blood cells)
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Stimulates the production of endogenous pyrogens ( interleukin, cytokines) from activated immune cells
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Presence of pyrogens in the blood circulation stimulates hypothalamus to initiate heat production by body shivering or by vasoconstriction.
?
Elevated body temperature or fever.
Prostaglandins ( PGE2 ) release from the cells ( injured) that mediated by cyclo- oxigenase 2 and phospholipase enzyme, also may act as a stimulator for fever . Prostaglandins can stimulate hypothalamus to stimulate sympathetic nervous system to act to prevent heat loss from the body by vasoconstriction and increased metabolism.
Fever may accompanied with the symptoms such as lethargy, loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting, cough or cold, sleepiness etc.
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