Question

Rapid Fire questions - 10 points total Question 2: Your 70-year-old male patient, Mr. Y, states that he is having trouble controlling his urge to urinate, and this is getting him concerned: “Sometimes I pee accidentally in the middle of the night, and other times I'm holding it in and feel full ... this stress raises my blood pressure!”. He begins to tell you that he is on multiple medications (e.g. antihypertensives), and while he is speaking, you (as his nurse all day) feel the urge to micturate as well...so you "hold in your bladder" to be polite until eventually excusing yourself. a. Explain the functions of the two urethral sphincters, and relate them to your and Mr. Y's situation (i.e. as his nurse). 2 points b. What factors put Mr. Y at risk of having difficulty with controlling his bladder control? Explain why using medical terms. 3 points c. If some of the drugs are exiting the body through his urine, at what stage of the renal tubule are these drugs being secreted? 0.5 points d. Furthermore, what is the name of the channels that allow water to be reabsorbed? 0.5 points

Answer 1

Ans) 2) a) The urethral sphincters are two muscles used to control the exit of urine in the urinary bladder through the urethra. The two muscles are either the male or female external urethral sphincter and the internal urethral sphincter. When either of these muscles contracts, the urethra is sealed shut.

b) Aging and prostate problems may cause urinary incontinence in men.

c) The kidney is a vital organ for the elimination of therapeutic drugs and their metabolites. Renal drug transporters, which are primarily located in the renal proximal tubules, play an important role in tubular secretion and reabsorption of drug molecules in the kidney.

d) Water reabsorption is by osmosis through water channels in the membrane. These water channels consist of a family of proteins called aquaporin. At least seven different aquaporin isoforms are expressed in the kidney.