Question

8. If transpiration (the process by which moisture is released from small pores on plant leaves as water yapor) is related to the humidity of the air (or light or temperature or wind velocity), then increasing humidity (or light or temperature or wind velocity) will decrease water loss from the plant. Independent variable - Dependent variable- Confounding variable - 9. If root growth is related to gravity, then roots will always turn toward the earth regardless of a seed's orientation. Independent variable - Dependent variable - Confounding variable - 10. If the direction of shoot growth is related to gravity, then shoots will always grow upward even in the absence of light. Independent variable - Dependent variable - Confounding variable - 11. If the hatching of brine shrimp is related to the salinity (or temperature) or the water in which they are ultivated, then the greater the salt concentration(or temperature), the higher the hatching rate. Independent variable - Dependent variable- Confounding variable- 12. If the thickness of annual growth rings in trees is related to annual rainfall, then examining wood samples will reveal correlations in the growth rings to the historical records for rainfall in its environment Independent variable - Dependent variable - Confounding variable - 13. If the velocity of sound through a material is related to the density of the material conducting the sound, then increasing the density of the material will increase the velocity. Independent variable- Dependent variable - Confounding variable -

Answer 1

A research variable is anything that can be measured in both quantity and quality, which will be varying.The variable can change from person to person or from group to group within a period of time.

There are different types of research variables are present.Those are:

• Independent variable
• Dependent variable
• Controlled variable
• Extraneous variables
• Confounding variable

Independent variable:

Independent variable is the one which influences the other variables.The independent variable can be manipulated by the researcher.Independent variable will not be affected by any changes in the experiment.

for example:age,gender,treatments etc.

Dependent variable:

Dependent variable is the one which is affected or influenced by one or more independent variables.The dependent variable will be changed by the manipulation.

for example:attitude outcome of treatment plan etc.

Controlled variable:

This is the variable which will be constant through out the experiment and can be maintained without any alterations.

for example:duration of the study,using same type of equipment for all the samples etc

Extraneous variables:

These are the factors that are present in the research environment and can show changes in the dependent variables but cannot be controlled.

for example:weather changes etc.

Confounding variable:

Confounding variable is the one which can change both dependent and independent variables.This is an extra variable which can influence the results of the research which can ruin the study also.

for example:study on eating well balanced food and weight gain,in this exercise will be the confounding variable,which can affect the weight gain.

8.Dependent variable: Depending variable is the transpiration because it will be affected by the temperature raise and fall.

Independent variable:Independent variable is the humidity because it will not be influenced by the changes given by the researcher.

Confounding variable:Confounding variable is light,temperature which can influence both the humidity levels and also the process of transpiration.

9.Dependent variable:The dependent variable is the root growth because it will be influenced by the gravity.

Independent variable:The independent variable is the earth because it cannot be affected by any other manipulations.

Confounding variable: Confounding variable is the use of any pesticides which can alter the growth.

10.Dependent variable:The dependent variable is the root growth because it is influenced by the light.

Independent variable:The independent variable is the light because it is not affected by any other manipulations.

Confounding variable: Confounding variable will be the climatic changes and the use of fertilizers which can affect the growth of the roots.

11.Dependent variable:Hatching is the dependent variable since it is depending on the temperature.

Independent variable:Water will be the independent variable which can not be influenced by any other factors.

Confounding variable:Confounding variables will be salinity and temperature which can alter both water quality and hatching.

12.Dependent variable:thickness of the annual growth rings will be the dependent variable beacause it is influenced by the rain fall.

Independent variable:Rain fall is the independent variable

Confounding variable:Environmental changes will be the confounding variable because it affects both rain fall and growth of trees.

13.Dependent variable:Sound conduction and velocity will be the dependent variables which can be changed.

Independent variable: Material will be the independent variable.

Confounding variable:The density is the confounding variable which can influence both the material and the velocity and sound conduction.