Question

PATHO OHAPTER 13: ALTERATIONS IN OXYGEN TRANSPORT functions and normal range for W o odcount and latelets erythropoiesist a n ce needed, es of production and destruction fate of each part of hemoglobin functions of livet, speen and bone marrow in this process erythropoietin functions of production and action transport o pen and carbon dioxide in the blood function of oxygen what is the process that produce carbon dioxide? bicarbonate buffer system identify each substance in the chemical equation why is this equation important? anemia general description relative a general effects, dinical manifestations compare and contrast types of anemia for etiology, clinical manifestations including results, treatment, and prognosis: plastic, real failure, vit. deficiency/pernicious, non deficiency thalassemia, sice-cell erythrostows felis, blood loss polycythemia: general description definition of each type: polycythemia vera, secondary polycythema relative polycythemia CHAPTER 14: ALTERATIONS IN HEMOSTASIS AND BLOOD COAGULATION hemostasis general description, parts volved in the process, triggers for intrinsic and extrinsic pathways inadequate vs excessive clotting factors site of production, do they travel as active or inactive and why, actions of fibrinogen prothrombin tissue thromboplastin, calcium ions, vitamin general clinical assessment of bleeding disorders including all vocabulary - hemorrhagic disease of the newborn - role of vitamin K hemophila A general description, major sien/halimark, factor affected disseminated intravascular coagulation (DICH: general description. Causes, why does excessive bleeding occur, why is ite-threatening? effects of liver disease on clotting Know what each of these lab tests detect: ABG ESR CRC Ferritin INR Paco TIC MCH MCHC MCV PO aPTT WBC

Answer 1

1). Functions and normal ranges of RBCs, WBCs and platelets:

Blood cells (formed elements) are of three types namely,

• Red blood cells or erythrocytes (occupy 45% of whole blood)
• White blood cells or leukocytes (less than 1% of whole blood, 5,000 to 10,000/L)
• Platelets or thrombocytes (less than 1% of whole blood, 130,000 to 360,000/L)

The five types of white blood cells are,

• Monocytes (3% to 8%)
• Lymphocytes (25% to 33%)
• Neutrophils (60% to70%)
• Eosinophils (2% to 4%)
• Basophils (less than 0.5%)

Functions of RBCs:

Red blood cells (RBC’s) have a respiratory pigment called “hemoglobin.” The hemoglobin molecules occupy about 1/3^rd of the volume of an RBC. The primary function of RBCs is carrying the respiratory gases

Functions of platelets:

Platelets or thrombocytes are a type of blood cells (but not complete cells) that are produced by megakaryocytes. They are cell fragments that aggregate to form platelet plugs which seal the injured blood vessels (hemostasis).

Functions of WBCs:

Microscopic features functions of the WBCs in the body tissues are as follows:

Eosinophils: They contain a two-lobed nucleus which is connected with thin strands and stains blue to the eosin stain. They mainly deal with immune responses and trigger allergic and inflammatory responses.

Basophils: These are considered as very low abundant cells in the circulatory system associated with nuclei with 2 lobes. They contain a nucleus which is large and irregular in shape. Abundant, coarse, dark violet granules are present in the cytoplasm.

These cells possess receptors to bind with immunoglobulin’s IgE, and IgG. They usually sometimes release histamine.

Neutrophils: This is the predominant existent white blood cell type and which is in phagocytic nature nearly 50 to 60% of total circulating WBC. These cells contain 2 to 5 lobed nuclei. IgG immunoglobulin is usually secreted by neutrophils associated with the production of two iron consuming toxins such as lysozyme and lactoferrin.

These toxins effectively act on microbes to obtain ferrous from their metabolic products. They secrete serine proteases to destroy lipo-proteinaceous layer existing on the bacteria.

Monocytes: Their nucleus is kidney-shaped or ovoid or horse-shoe shaped. Abundant violet cytoplasm is present in which sparse, nonspecific granules are present.

Neutrophils and monocytes (of leukocytes) engulf bacteria by a process called phagocytosis. White blood cells produce immune substances that help to defend the body against diseases, pathogens and foreign particles, gamma globulins synthesized by lymphocytes (agranulocytes) are particularly responsible for this process.

Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes contains a nucleus which is ovoid, round or slightly dimpled on one side. In small lymphocytes, the entire cell is nearly filled by the nucleus. In large lymphocytes, abundant cytoplasm is present.

The two types of lymphocytes are, T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes, which serve important immune functions. T cells can directly attack (cell-mediated) the tumor cells, foreign cells, and other pathogens. While the B cells produce antibody-mediated immunity.