Question

PATH370 2018 - risk factors/predisposing factors for carcinogenesis: tobacco, nutrition, genetics (proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes), viruses - role of p53 and Rb carcinogenesis: what is initiation, promotion, progression? - carcinogen vs mutagen vs teratogen - metastasis: define/describe, pattern of spread, tumor markers, angiogenesis, grading/staging, most common organs where metastasis occurs, first place of metastasis for many cancers - TNM system: what does each letter represent, are low or high number more severe? - generalized effects of cancer on the body leukopenia vs leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia vs thrombocytosis - general warning signs of cancer - effects of cancer therapies on the body: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immune therapy, gene/molecular therapy, stem cell therapy

Answer 1

Risk factors for carcinogenesis 1) Tobacco increases the risk of developing concers such as bladder cancer, Blood cancer, Corvik cancer etc. The chemicals causer cancer is known as Carcinogens. These chemicals get into the blood stream which carries the chemicals to all parts of body. Many chemicals gets into blood which domages the DNA and cells. These damaged DNA can make cells grow differently and can turn into cancer 2) Role of P53 f Rb. The Ps3 is also known as tumor pootein, that is a gene that codes for protein that regulates the cell cycle and hence functions as su tumor suppression. '17 is very important for cells in multicellular organisms to suppress cancer. 3) Carcinogenesis is the formation of a cancer where the normal cells which are being damaged by carcinogenic substance transformed into tumer. This process is characterized by changes at the cellular, genetic and abnormal cell division. 1) Carcinogen Mutagen 1 Teratogen. This can be any chemin A physical or chemical This is an agent cal radiation, elte agent that changes the or factor which mutation causes génetic material and and causes malformation mallormation cancer increases the frequency of mutations of an embryo.