Question

what is Cross-sectional studies and examples

defines these and exmples

1. Randomized control trials
2. Quantitative - Case-controlled studies
3. Quantitative - Cohort study
4. Quantitative - Survey
5. Quantitative - Cross-sectional study
6. Quantitative - Descriptive study
7. Quantitative - Quasi-experimental
8. Quantitative - Mixed methods

Answer 1

Cross-sectional study is an observational research type study that analyzes data from a population or a representative subset at a specific point in time.

In Healthcare sector Cross- Sectional studies involve data collected at a defined time.They are used to assess the prevalence of acute or chronic conditions but cannot be used to answer questions about causes of disease or result of intervention.

Example of a cross- sectional study in healthcare is the prevalence of cancer amongst a certain population.The researcher can evaluate people from different ages, ethnicities,geographical location and social backgrounds.If a significant amount of men from a particular age are found to be more prone to have the disease , the researcher can conduct further studies to understand the reason behind it like a longitudinal study.

a)Randomised Control Trial is a trial in which subjects are randomly assigned to one of the two groups; one (the experimental group) receiving the the intervention that is being tested and the other (the comparison group or control) receiving an alternative (Conventional) treatment.

Example:-

An NGO,iPad 4 All(i4A) ,plans to distribute iPads to low income children in a developing country .i4A want to evaluate the impact that an iPad has on children's education, health and future income levels.It's likely that they will never have enough iPads to cover all the children who express interest, or are nearly or who the government determines as neediest ,an RCT would randomize their access.

b)Case control study is a type of observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute Case Control studies are often used to identify factors that may contribute to a medical condition by comparing subjects who have that condition/ disease with patients who do not have the condition/disease but are otherwise similar.

Example:-Non - Hodgkin lymphoma found a connection between the disease and inflammatory disorders like Sjogrens ,Celiac and rheumatoid arthritis.

C)Cohort studies are a type of medical research used to investigate the cause of disease and to establish links between risk factors and health outcomes.

Example:- Framingham Heart study,which recruited over 5209 male and female participants in 1948 from around the area of Framingham,MA . It has continued to serve as a source of data for cardiovascular risk factors.

d) Quantitative Survey is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical ,mathematical or computational techniques.

Example:-Quantitative Survey is conducted to understand the amount of time a doctor takes to tend to a patient when the patient walks into the hospital.A patient satisfaction survey template can be administered to ask questions like how much time did a doctor take to see a patient ,how often does a patient walk into the hospital and such questions.

e) Quantitative - Cross sectional study - Already discussed above.

f)Quantitative descriptive study is collections of quantitative information that can be tabulated along a continuum in numerical form such as scores as scores on a test or the number of times a person chooses to use a certain feature of a multimedia program .