Question

Use the following scenario to answer the questions that follows:

One of the jobs that Joe Roberts has been given at work is to order special paper for a report for a board meeting. The paper comes in reams of 500 sheets. He always makes five more copies than the number of people that will be there. Joe wants to know how many reams of paper he needs for a meeting. He can order only whole, not partial, reams. Assume the required number of pages will not equal an exact number of reams. Test your solution with the following data:

1. The report is 140 pages long.

2. There will be 25 people at the meeting.

3. Construct the Input-Processing-Output (I.P.O.) Chart for the chosen solution.

4. Design an algorithm for the chosen solution.

5. Draw the flowchart for the chosen solution      

Answer 1

There are seven steps for the solution development of the problems:

1. Problem analysis chart

2. The interactivity chart

3. The IPO chart

4. The coupling diagram

5. The algorithms

6. The flowcharts

7. Test the solution

The following are the organizing tools that are used for developing a solution:

1. The problem analysis chart.

The problem analysis chart helps one to comprehend the problem clearly and helps him to have a vivid concept of the problem and what the problem demands.

The problem analysis chart for the given diagram is shown below:

Given Data	Required Results
1. Pages in report(P) = 140 pages 2. Number of people(Pp) = 25 3. Number of copies(C) = 25 + 5 4. Number of pages in 1 ream(N) = 500	1. Number of reams(R)
Required Processing
Solution alternatives
1. Enter all data as variables. 2. The number of pages per ream is a constant.

2. The interactivity chart

The interactivity chart separates the solution into modular parts.

The interactivity chart for the given problem is shown below:

Working of different modules

(A) REAMOFPAGES module controls the solution.

(B) READ module reads data.

(C) CALCULATE module calculates the total number of reams using the given formula.

(D) PRINT module prints the number of reams calculated.

3. The IPO chart

The IPO chart defines clearly the input step, output step and the various processing steps in the desired order.

The IPO chart for the given problem is shown below:

Processing	Module Reference	Output
1. Read data like pages in report, number of people, number of copies in 1 ream.	READ	1. Number of reams required.
2. Calculate the number of reams required.	CALCULATE
3. Print the number of reams required.	PRINT

4. (a) The coupling diagram

The coupling diagram defines the data that gets transferred from one module to another module.

The coupling diagram of the problem given above is shown below:

$C:\Users\pragmatum\Documents\tiffs\5637-5.TIF$

4. (b) The data dictionary

The data dictionary helps to record data on items.

The data dictionary of the problem is shown below:

Item	Variable name	Data Type	Module (s)	Scope	Pseudonym / module	Error check
Pages in report	P	Numeric-real	Reams required / read / calculate	Local parameter	None	None
People present	Pp	Numeric-real	Reams required / read / calculate	Local parameter	None	None
Number of copies	C	Numeric-real	Reams required / read / calculate	Local parameter	None	None
Reams required	R	Numeric-real	Reams required / calculate / print	Local parameter	None	None
Number of pages in ream	N	Numeric-real	Reams required / read / calculate	Local parameter	None	None

5. The algorithm

The algorithm defines the order of steps that are initiated to solve a particular problem.

The algorithm to solve the problem given above is shown below:

(1) Start. (2) Calculate the number of pages that would be needed to make copies for 25 + 5 people. (3) Then divide the number of pages by the number of pages in one ream. (4) Round off the number obtained to the consecutive integer. (5) The number obtained is the number of reams that will be needed. (6) Stop

6. The flowcharts

The flowcharts are a graphic interpretation of the algorithm.

The flowchart of the given problem is given below:

Read flowchart discusses the working of the read module and the number of copies is calculated by the number of people present in the meeting.

Calculate flowchart discusses the working of the calculate module. It describes the various formulae used to derive the number of reams required.

Print flowchart describes the working of the print flowchart.

$C:\Users\pragmatum\Documents\tiffs\5637-5.1.tif$

7. Testing the solution

This is the last step of problem solving. It involves the process of taking a set of data and then working it with the algorithm. If the expected solution is produced then we may consider that the provided solution is correct else the solution requires some corrections.