Question

Question 1 (14 marks) (a) Identify and explain briefly three components of a good organizational structure in managing operational risk according to the Hong Kong Monetary Authority's Supervisory Policy Manual OR-1. (8 marks) (b) Identify and explain briefly the three stages of money laundering (6 marks) Question 2 (23 marks) (a) A Bank has a bond with a maturity of 4 years. The coupon rate of the bond is 8%, the yield to maturity is 9%, and the face value is 1 million dollars. Interest payment will be paid annually. Determine the price (present value) and duration of the bond. (9 marks) (b) Predict the change in the bond price if interest rates rise by 100 basis points based on the duration of the bond that you have calculated in part (a). (5 marks) (c) Calculate the leverage adjusted duration gap (DGAP) if the ratio of total equity to total asset is 0.14, and the duration of all its liabilities is 1.88. (Assume that the Bank holds the bond in part (a) as its only asset) (5 marks) (d) It is expected that the market interest rate will increase in the future. Assume that the ratio of total equity to total asset, and the duration of all the liabilities are both fixed, compute a new value of duration of all the assets so that immunization can be carried out. (4 marks)

Answer 1

answer to the question

1(a)For the purpose of this guidance, an appropriate operational risk management framework is considered to consist of these components:

• organisational structure (including Board oversight, senior management responsibilities, roles of business line management, an operational risk management function and internal audit);

• risk culture;

• strategy and policy (operational risk management strategy, policies and procedures); and

(b)

Placement

The process of placing, through deposits or other means, unlawful cash proceeds into traditional financial institutions. At this stage cash derived from criminal activity is infused into the financial system. The placement makes the funds more liquid since by depositing cash into a bank account can be transfer and manipulated easier. When criminals are in physical possession of cash that can directly link them to predicate criminal conduct, they are at their most vulnerable. Such criminals need to place the cash into the financial system, usually through the use of bank accounts, in order to commence the laundering process.

This is the first stage in the washing cycle. Money laundering is a “cash-intensive” business, generating vast amounts of cash from illegal activities (for example, street dealing of drugs where payment takes the form of cash in small denominations). The monies are placed into the financial system or retail economy or are smuggled out of the country. The aims of the launderer are to remove the cash from the location of acquisition so as to avoid detection from the authorities and to then transform it into other asset forms; for example: travellers cheques, postal orders, etc.

Layering

Layering is the process of separating the proceeds of criminal activity from their origin through the use of many different techniques to layer the funds. These include using multiple banks and accounts, having professionals act as intermediaries and transacting through corporations and trusts, layers of complex financial transactions, such as converting cash into traveler’s checks, money orders, wire transfers, letters of credit, stocks, bonds, or purchasing valuable assets, such as art or jewelry. All these transactions are designed to disguise the audit trail and provide anonymity.

Layering usually involves a complex system of transactions designed to hide the source and ownership of the funds. Once cash has been successfully placed into the financial system, launderers can engage in an infinite number of complex transactions and transfers designed to disguise the audit trail and thus the source of the property and provide anonymity. One of the primary objectives of the layering stage is to confuse any criminal investigation and place as much distance as possible between the source of the ill-gotten gains and their present status and appearance.

Typically, layers are created by moving monies in and out of the offshore bank accounts of bearer share shell companies through electronic funds’ transfer (EFT). Given that there are over 500,000 wire transfers – representing in excess of $1 trillion – electronically circling the globe daily, most of which is legitimate, there isn’t enough information disclosed on any single wire transfer to know how clean or dirty the money is, therefore providing an excellent way for launderers to move their dirty money. Other forms used by launderers are complex dealings with stock, commodity and futures brokers. Given the sheer volume of daily transactions, and the high degree of anonymity available, the chances of transactions being traced is insignificant.

Integration

It is the stage at which laundered funds are reintroduced into the legitimate economy, appearing to have originated from a legitimate source. Integration is the final stage of the process, whereby criminally derived property that has been placed and layered is returned (integrated) to the legitimate economic and financial system and is assimilated with all other assets in the system. Integration of the “cleaned” money into the economy is accomplished by the launderer making it appear to have been legally earned. By this stage, it is exceedingly difficult to distinguish legal and illegal wealth.

Not all money laundering transactions go through this three-stage process. The three basic stages may occur as separate and distinct phases or may occur simultaneously or, more commonly, they may overlap. Transactions designed to launder funds can for example be effected in one or two stages, depending on the money laundering technique being used. How the basic steps are used depends on the available laundering mechanisms and requirements of the criminal organisations.