NGLs or Natural Gas Liquids Defined
This is a group of hydrocarbons including ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutene and pentanes plus, AKA natural gasoline. They are a byproduct of natural gas processing and refining.
NGLs are removed from natural gas at natural gas processing plants as a combined stream, often called raw make or y-grade. This combined stream is then fractionated (separated) to produce products ethane, liquefied petroleum gases (propane and butanes) and natural gasoline. Though they are derived from a vaporous stream, natural gas liquids are kept in a liquid state for storage, shipping and consumption.
Purity natural gas liquids, meaning that at least 90% of the liquid contains ONE type of primary molecule, are:
Mixed natural gas liquids, meaning that the liquid contains at least two different types of primary molecules are:
LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas Defined
Three of the purity natural gas liquids we mentioned above – propane, normal butane and isobutene – get the double distinction of being sold as a Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
The “petroleum” part gets thrown in because these products can also be derived from the crude oil refining process. The rest is from the natural gas mix we just mentioned.
These gases may be marketed individually or mixed. They have their own global distribution chain and are used the world over for domestic and commercial purposes. LPG fuel can also be used as autogas in cars that can burn it.
But, it’s important to remember that only propane, normal butane and isobutane fall into this category. So, not every NGL is an LPG.
LNG or Liquefied Natural Gas Defined
Last stop is LNG, which isn’t an NGL or an LPG.
It’s methane!
LNG stands for Liquefied Natural Gas or Liquid Natural Gas and, as the name implies, it is traditional natural gas, which has been cooled to the point of liquefaction. Fun fact: liquefied natural gas takes up about 1/600th the space that the same amount of gaseous natural gas would take up.
Methane is the primary component of natural gas. It’s what is left over after most of the natural gas liquids are stripped out from the natural gas stream.
When natural gas is cooled to minus 161 Celsius (brr!) it becomes a liquid and can be sold as LNG, a fuel with domestic, international, industrial and transportation uses.
This image below walks you through what we just discussed. Note that methane is a dry, or natural gas, but not an NGL or an LPG. It stands alone as LNG.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF NATURAL GAS:
Some clear advantages to natural gas are as follows:
• Natural gas is environmentally friendly because it burns cleaner than other fossil fuels.
• It’s safer and easier to store when compared to other fossil fuels.
• Natural gas is extremely reliable, unlike electric power that can be knocked out during a storm.
• Natural gas is less expensive than other fossil fuels.
• The U.S. supply of natural gas is plentiful and helps to decrease our dependence on foreign oil supplies.
Some potential disadvantages to consider are the following:
• Natural gas must be handled carefully because it is a combustible material.
• Like all fossil fuels, natural gas is not a renewable energy source.
• Natural gas does contribute to greenhouse gases
List of Advantages of Nuclear fuel energy:
1. Its technology is already known.
Like other nuclear technologies, this alternative energy has
existed for quite some time now, which means that it is very well
understood. It is regarded as a good option, as its process is
nearing perfection, with advancements being researched at a much
faster rate than other forms of alternative energy.
2. It has the capability to meet high
needs.
The power that is produced through nuclear fission is immense,
which means that it will be able to meet the requirements of large
industrial cities, as well as suburban towns. Also, such energy is
quick to produce, which means that it can provide large amounts of
power when needed.
3. It only produces significantly less greenhouse
gases.
Unlike fossil fuels, of which use has had a devastating impact on
the environment, nuclear fission produces energy while releasing
highly reduced amount of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere,
which helps slow down the effects of pollution and global
warming.
4. It requires low operating costs.
While it is known that the initial costs of building nuclear power
plants are very high, the costs to operate them afterwards are just
minimal. The costs incurred would only involve paying technicians
to run the plants and sourcing the materials needed to create
energy.
List of Disadvantages of Nuclear Fuel energy:
1. It poses danger for plant workers.
Naturally, nuclear fission emits radiation, which is deadly in
large doses for humans and animals. This means that those who work
at nuclear power plants are putting themselves at great risk of
developing serious illnesses and suffering from poisoning due to
radiation.
2. It is very volatile.
Volatility is truly a big risk is involved in nuclear fission, as
the energy can easily be harnessed to create devastating weapons,
such as nuclear bombs. Even the plants themselves pose a huge risk,
considering that accidents can happen, injuring and even killing
many people in and around the site.
3. It poses risks of contamination.
If appropriate measures are not taken to dispose nuclear waste,
many people could suffer from contamination. Water contamination
from these plants is already recorded in history, which caused
widespread illnesses across populations.
4. It requires staggering initial costs.
As already implied, building a nuclear power plant requires a huge
amount of investment, and this is due to the complex technologies
and safety measures needed to run it properly.
Minerals:
A mineral is a solid, inorganic, naturally-formed substance that has a crystalline structure and specific chemical composition. I know that's a lot to take in, so let's break down this definition piece by pieces
Rocks:
A rock is a solid, inorganic, naturally-formed substance without a particular atomic structure or chemical composition. It's probably easier to just remember that rocks are made up of two or more minerals. Examples of rocks include granite, limestone, marble, pumice, obsidian, sandstone, shale and slate. Each of these rocks consists of several different minerals, which are mixed up inside the rock through a variety of geologic processes.
Black water:
Black water is the mixture of urine, feces and flush water along with anal cleansing water (if water is used for cleansing) and/or dry cleansing materials. Black water contains the pathogens of faces and the nutrients of urine that are diluted in the flush water.
Grey water:
Water coming from domestic equipment other than toilets (e.g., bathtubs, showers, sinks, washing machines) is called grey water. In some sanitation systems, it is preferred to keep the grey water separate from black water to reduce the amount of water that gets heavily polluted and to simplify treatment methods for the grey water.
soil alinization:
Soil Salinization occurs when water-soluble salts accumulate in the soil to a level that impacts on agricultural production, environmental health, and economics. In the early stages, salinity affects the metabolism of soil organisms and reduces soil productivity, but in advanced stages it destroys all vegetation and other organisms living in the soil, consequently transforming fertile and productive land into barren and desertified lands.
water logging:
Waterlogging is the saturation of soil with water.Soil may be regarded as waterlogged when it is nearly saturated with water much of the time such that its air phase is restricted and anaerobic conditions prevail. In extreme cases of prolonged water logging, anaerobiosis occurs, the roots of mesophytes suffer, and the subsurface reducing atmosphere leads to such processes as denitrification, methanogenesis, and the reduction of iron and manganese oxides.
Integrated Pest Management :
A well-defined Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a program that should be based on prevention, monitoring, and control which offers the opportunity to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides, and to minimize the toxicity of and exposure to any products which are used. IPM does this by utilizing a variety of methods and techniques, including cultural, biological and structural strategies to control a multitude of pest problems.
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