Question

what is your view about hard determinism by and soft determinism? which has the best argument, and why? defend your answer.

Answer 1

Hard determinism  is a view on free will which holds that determinism is true and that it is incompatible with free will and therefore that free will does not exist. Although hard determinism generally refers to nomological determinism, it can also be a position taken with respect to other forms of determinism that necessitate the future in its entirety. Hard determinism is contrasted with soft determinism, which is a compatibilist form of determinism, holding that free will may exist despite determinism. It is also contrasted with metaphysical libertarianism, the other major form of incompatibilism which holds that free will exists and determinism is false. Hard determinists reject free will. Critics often suggest that, in so doing, the hard determinist also rejects ethics. The key to this argument rests on the idea that holding a person morally responsible requires them to make a choice between two, or more, truly possible alternatives. If choice is indeed impossible, then it would be incorrect to hold anyone morally responsible for his or her actions. If this argument holds, hard determinists are restricted to moral nihilism. This feature, however, is tenable only as far as hard determinists discard responsibility. In a necessitarian world, recourse to merit and blameworthiness is toned down while adherence to ethical and legal values is not ruined. Persons may be appreciated as carriers, executors, and defenders of morality. Soft Determinism is the theory that human behaviour and actions are wholly determined by causal events, but human free will does exist when defined as the capacity to act according to one's nature which is shaped by external factors such as heredity, society and upbringing. Soft determinism believes that free will and determinism are somewhat compatible, with regards to human nature. For example, an alcoholic has the nature to be driven to drink alcohol as a result of complex factors such as the physiological effects of alcohol on his body, his genetics, his upbringing, etc. However, he can make the decision to better understand the causal factors that influence his behavior and make efforts to mitigate them, thus lessening the effects of alcoholism on his decision-making.