Question

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Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) encapsulation technique has long emerged in tissue engineering as it plays an important role in the implantation of stem cells to regenerate damaged tissue. MSC encapsulation provides a mimic of a three-dimensional (3D) in vivo environment to maintain cell viability and to induce the stem cell differentiation which regulates MSC fate into multi-lineage. Moreover, the 3D matrix surrounding MSCs protects them from the human innate immune system and allows the diffusion of biomolecules such as oxygen, cytokines, and growth factors. Therefore, many technologies are being developed to create MSC encapsulation platforms with diverse materials, shapes, and sizes. The conditions of the platform are determined by the targeted tissue and the translation method.
3D tissue is a challenge for tissue engineering applications, and that can be achieved by monitoring cells and delivering an adequate supply of oxygen helps to create a balanced system that allows cells to expand and multiply. Non-invasive oxygen is observed in 3D tissue cultures under fixed dynamic culture which have a direct effect on cell proliferation.

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Answer 1

Mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to differentiate into different cell types. Encapsulated mesenchymal  stem cells have been used in stem cell therapy and tissue engineering for some time now. stem cell differentiation depends largely on the environment and the requirement within that environment in vivo. In order to obtain a required cell lineage from MSC, a 3D invitro environment mimicking the invivo environment should be provided, and this was achieved by developing different encapsulation techniques based on different requirements.Moreover, this 3D capsule when administered in humans should not be eliminated by the body's immune system, while allowing diffusion of biomolecules such as oxygen cytokines and growth factors required for cell differentiation and proliferation. Because of this vital role of MSCS, various MSC encapsulation techniques have been designed and developed in tissue engineering. The encapsulation techniques are determined by target tissue and translation method. Growing 3D tissue in lab for tissue engineering has one major challenge of monitoring and delivering adequate oxygen supply in creating a balanced system that allows cells to expand and multiply. Encapsulation technique must overcome this challenge since non -invasive oxygen observed in 3D cultures have a direct effect on cell proliferation