Question

Draw a map of cellular level processes including: protein synthesis, photosynthesis (include chemical equation), cellular respiration (include chemical equation), mitosis including DNA replication, meiosis including crossing over, and processing involving the cell's environment. Be sure all processes are interconnected---there should be no isolated systems or processes.

Answer 1

1. DNA act as genetic material. it transcribed in to mRNA for specific gene. this mRNA comes into cytoplasm from nucleus and translate innto protein.

The actual process of protein synthesis takes place in the cell cytoplasm, and it occurs on multiple ribosomes simultaneously. During protein synthesis, amino acids arrange in a linear fashion through an intricate interaction between ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, messenger RNA and a variety of enzymes.

2. this protein may be enzyme, protein for chloroplasts, mitochondria, cellular process and plasma membrane.

3. photosynthesis takes place inside of chloroplasts by plants in the presence of sunlight. various protein and enzyme required for photosynthesis translated by ribosome. a representation of photosynthesis are:

6CO₂ + 12H₂O - - - - - - - - - - > C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O

this reaction is catalysed in the presence of sunlight and plant enzyme. the enrgy for this reaction comes from photosystem I and photosystem II.

4. Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat. The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, most of which are redox reactions themselves.

Simplified reaction: C₆H₁₂O₆ (s) + 6 O₂ (g) → 6 CO₂ (g) + 6 H₂O (l) + heat

the sugar molecule and oxygen for this reaction are the product of photosynthesis. the protein and enzyme synthesize by translation of specific mRNA by ribosome.

5. this sugar molecule used to obtain energy as well as synthesis of other metabolic product like amino acid, other carbohydrate, fatty acid and carbohydrate. this sugar molecule also used to synthesize various nucleotide used in DNA replication or in transcription process. the enzyme and protein required for these process comes from cytoplasm. energy required for these process comes from cellular respiration. DNA replication in mitosis process is most necessary to provide equal copy of DNA to daughter cells. mitosis is process for repair and maintainance.

6 gem cell divide mitotically to increase their number in early stage of development. in adult stage some of the germ cell divide meiotically to produce haploid cell to maintain ploidy level in next generation. DNA replication also takes place in meiosis. all nucleotide, enzyme, protein and energy comes from cytoplasm. meiosis responsible for gamete variation, this may be lead due to crossing over and random orientation of homologous chromosome.

• Crossing over. The points where homologues cross over and exchange genetic material are chosen more or less at random, and they will be different in each cell that goes through meiosis. If meiosis happens many times, as it does in human ovaries and testes, crossovers will happen at many different points. This repetition produces a wide variety of recombinant chromosomes, chromosomes where fragments of DNA have been exchanged between homologues.
• Random orientation of homologue pairs. The random orientation of homologue pairs during metaphase of meiosis I is another important source of gamete diversity.