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QUESTION 14 Through the microscope, these bacteria appear as Gram-negative diplococci typically flattened where the cocci meet. There are 13 serogroups that are transmitted person to person by aerosolized respiratory tract secretions. The bacteria typically infect the nasopharynx of humans causing a usually mild or subclinical upper respiratory infection, but in about 15% of these individuals the organism invades the blood and disseminates causing septicemia. From here it often crosses the blood-brain barrier causing 2000 - 3000 cases of meningitis per year in the U.S. A petichial rash caused by endotoxin in the blood appears in about 75% of the septic cases and fatality rates for septicemia are as high as 30% as a result of the shock cascade. Pill enable the bacteria to initially adhere to epithelial cells of the nasopharynx and capsules enable the bacteria to resist phagocytic engulfment. Streptococcus pneumonia Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitides Enterococcus species

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Question no 14:

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C) Neisseria meningitides

Neisseria meningitides, also known as meningococcus, can cause bacterial infections on/in the body, i.e. lungs, nasopharynx, or skin, which eventually enters the bloodstream. The malignant bacteria within the bloodstream develops and often ends in fatality in extreme cases

Meningococcal meningitis evolves when the bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis progresses from initial adherence to the nasopharyngeal (nose and throat) mucosa to invasion of the deeper mucosal layers (the submucosa). These bacteria rapidly multiply, and can lead to a mild (subclinical) infection and if not treated it enters the nervous system and causes meningitis.

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