Question

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A condition known as lactose intolerance is characterized by painful abdominal cramping, gas, and diarrhea. The cause of the problem is an inability to digest a milk sugar called lactose. How would this cause the observed signs and symptoms? Further, this condition is (perhaps surprisingly) seen in most adult humans. Theorize why lactose intolerance is rarely found in infants, but typically found in adults.

The drug Diamox is sometimes used to treat mountain sickness. Diamox inhibits the action of carbonic anhydrase in the proximal convoluted tubule. Polyuria is a side effect associated with the medication. Why does polyuria occur? Why does polyuria occur in patients with diabetes mellitus?  

While visiting a foreign country, Miley foolishly drinks some water against the advice of her tour guide. She contracts an intestinal disease and is therefore miserable with diarrhea for the remainder of her “vacation.” How would you expect this condition to affect her blood pH, urine pH, and pattern of ventilation?

Contraceptive pills contain estradiol and progesterone, or progesterone alone (the latter is becoming more common) administered at programmed doses during the ovarian cycle to prevent follicle maturation and ovulation. Explain how such pills are effective. Why must contraceptive pills be “used as directed” (i.e. why would pregnancy rate increase in woman who do not take the pill every day and at the same time every day?)? What would happen if a woman continued taking the contraceptive pill after becoming pregnant?   

Answer 1

ANSWER 1 -

1. Lactose intolerance is a condition in which the person is not able to digest the dietary lactose or the lactose sugar that is obtained from food products that are rich in lactose sugar such as milk.
2. In short, there are enzymes which helps in the process of digestion of any sugar, but when the body system fails to produce such enzymes, metabolic errors occurs and this case is characterized by accumulation of lactose into the small intestine as it is not being absorbed by the intestines that are destined to do so mainly due to the inability of breakdown of sugar.
3. This results in increase in concentration of sugar or solute on one side and reduction of the solute on other side mediating the flow of the solvent towards lactose content in the lumen of the small intestine which is further associated with the symptom of diarrhea and distension of the nocireceptors also called as the pain receptors which are located lining the intestinal walls which in turn react by means of generating pain or cramps.
4. In certain cases, the microbial mass in the small intestine is also able to access the accumulated lactose content thereby able to consume and metabolize it generating gas as an output of fermentation reaction and this is the way in which the three symptoms mentioned above are related to lactose intolerance.

The possibility of becoming lactose intolerant increases as the person ages and decreases the intake of lactose containing food as a part of diet.

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