Question

What is not an effect of high ADH levels? Select one: a. increase aquaporin amounts in the collecting duct b. increased expression of some genes C. watery urine d. increased urea concentration of urine

Answer 1

ANSWER

PART 1. Option C is correct i.e. watery urine which is not an effect of high ADH levels.

Explanation- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced by hypothalamus in an inactive form which transforms into an active hormone by the pituitary gland. ADH is responsible for maintaining the water levels in the body. When the body is dehydrated, ADH is released which facilitates rapid reabsorption of water from kidney. This way, it restores the water balance in the body. However, excessive ADH levels cause rapid accumulation of aquaporins in the proximal tubules and collecting ducts. These aquaporins permit the water movement from nephron back to the bloodstream and cause its fast reabsorption. As a result, urine becomes more concentrated containing high urine and salt concentration. Overexpression of arginine vasopressin (AVP) gene increases the secretion of ADH from hypothalamus and results in above mentioned condition.

PART 2. Option E is correct i.e. inflammatory response is not a part of adaptive immunity.

Explanation- Inflammation is a protective or defense response of the body to an injury. When a tissue gets injured, some inflammatory mediators such as histamine and bradykinins are released and cause widening of blood vessels. This facilitates the movement of more blood to the site of injury that results in swelling and redness of the tissue. During this time, some liquid is released out of injured blood vessels in the form of interstitial fluid. Also, leukocytes like neutrophills and macrophages are transported to injured tissue where they kill and engulf harmful pathogens. Inflammation is an important part of innate immune system but it is not associated with adaptive immunity. Because adaptive immunity develops after the body is exposed to a certain pathogen or foreign particle. However, inflammation is a non-specific biological response which occurs immediately after an injury.

PART 3. Option C is correct i.e. interstitial fluid in renel medulla is hypertonic and reabsorption of water occurs via nephron tubule.

Explanation- Interstitial fluid in the renel medulla is hypertonic because water undergoes reabsorption. Antidiuretic hormone causes the accumulation of aquaporins in the proximal tubules and collecting duct which facilitate rapid reabsorption of water from the filterate into the bloodstream.

PART 4. Option A is correct i.e. capillary, venule, arteriole, alveoli, interstitial fluid.

Explanation- Since capillaries carry deoxygenated blood which is transported back to the lungs where blood undergoes oxygenation. That is why, capillaries have lowest oxygen concentration. While interstitial fluid has highest oxygen concentration. It serves as a nutrient medium to the cells that contains glucose, amino acids, lipids, hormones and high oxygen levels. This way, it supports the growth and proliferation of the body cells.

Part 5. Option A is correct i.e. Bacon because it contains lots of protein.