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(1)
Yes, I think the low perceived expectancy is the reason why sales associates demotivated to sell old items despite SPIFs being attached. They believe that the effort they would put on selling old items is not the performance as revealed through ineffective of the program. Indeed, I think they believe that old items would not attract more customers as new items would and hence they put less effort that lead to low performance.
(2)
As mentioned above, instrumentality occurs when individuals connect performance with reward. In this case, I believe the sales associates’ perceptions of instrumentality is not the cause of lack of motivation. Based on the article, La Ropa de Moda has several rewards that would, in a normal circumstance motivate employees to put more efforts hence increase their productivity. However, the sales of old items remain low despite the company providing better and intriguing incentives.
(3)
I believe valence is not the cause of lack of motivation to sell old items with SPIFs. As stated earlier, valence connects a reward with its important or attractiveness. I think based on the information provided by the company regarding the incentives provided the sales associates would, indeed, become more motivated.
HR REASONING AND DECISION-MAKING EXERCISES Exercise 11.1: Applying Expectancy Theory to Understand Pay for Performance Three...