Question

does anyone understand 3,4 & 5. please

3. Briefly explain how nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work to alleviate pain and inflammation (6 pts) 4. Enumerate and briefly explain the three modes of transport of substances across the cell membrane (12 pts) 5. a) What are essential fatty acids? (2 pts) b) Name any two essential fatty acids (2 pts) c) Using an example, explain structural differences between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. (6 pts)

Answer 1

modes of Transport Passive Transport Active (AT) Transport Vesicular Transport لے Diffusion Osmosis Primary secondary AT AT T simple diffusion facilitated Diffusion tudocytosis exception Franscytosis

Cell Membrane substances the This known as The Medes of transport of substances across the are of 3 types- o passive Transport It refers to the mechanism of transport of along gradient without expenditure of any energy Process is also Down-hill movement passive Transport mechanisms oxe - diffusion and osmosis * Diffusion refers to parsive transpost of molecules foom areas of thigher concentration to areas of + Diffusion is again divided into Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. + Osmosis refers to diffusion of Water ang other solvent molecules from a solution containing lower concentration of solutes to wards the sdution containing Higher concentration of solutes, thoough somi permeable membrane @ Active transport refers to the mechanism of Transport of lower concentration, Oy It Substances which is liberated by ogainst the chemical or electrical goodient - Active transport involves expenditure of breakdown of High compoonds like Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). of a teppes energy energy Active Transport • poimary Active Transport - Secondary Active Transport is

The the essential fattejacids ® vesicular Transport Vesicular Transport mechanisms are involved in the transport of macromolecules such as large protein molecules which can neither pass through the membrane by diffusion hos by active transport The vesiculas Transport mechanisms include Endocytosis, erecytosis, and Transeytosis sessential fatty acids CEFA) fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by body and therefore, should be supplied in the diet; are known as chemically they polyunsaturated fattyacids namery linoleic acid and linolenic acid. -> Nonsleroidal Anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) analgesic, antipyse tis", and antiinflammłosy actions in different measures + The most important mechanism of antiinflamma- tory etion of NSAIDS considered to the inhibition of cox-2 mediated enhanced synthesis ºf poostaglandin ergo son at the site of injury. prostaglandins ale mediators of inflammation Certain NSAIDS act by additional mechanisms including in hibition of expression / activity of some of the molecules (cytokines, Leucotnenes) generation of superoxide (toee radicals- have As and

so that tenderness induced by prostoglandine dins induce hyperalgesia by affecting the transducing property of free herre endings stimuli that normalley do not elicit pain able to do so. NSAID's do not affect the direct application of Prostaglandins, but block the pain sensitising mechanism induced by brodytining Interleukins and other analgesic substances poimasily by They are therefore most effective against inflammation associated pain. cox-2 inhibiting (cyclooxygenase