Question

1] Name and describe the 3 major evolutionary models, including their associated researchers. species, locations, evidence, time line etc. 2] Describe 3 traits unique to the crania, dentition and post crania for these species; Australopithecus aferensis. Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neandertalensis and Homo sapiens. 3] Describe in detail the environmental situation and cultural inventions and capabilities concerning Homo erectus leaving Africa.

Answer 1

The three most of human (1) Three major evolutionary modelo: 'Out of Africa (Replacement), 'Multiregional Evolution (continuity) and Assimilation modeli are the widely used to interpret the origin living populations. The 'out of Africa' model posits that all living (plomo sapiens sapiens) descend from a population that first appeared Africa and subsequently spread throughout that continent & remainder to be. Replacing existing horinin Heanderthals. humans in across the pop" such as This would have occurred sometione between perhaps 90,000 & 60,000 apr ago Coppenheimer) (2012) The 'multi regional Evolution model siggests that hominia poph have maintained extensive social and biological ties Africa and Eurasia for at least the last beginning when members of ancestral species such as erectes olispersed from Artica. across 1.8 million years Homo % model, Bolation among hominin populations created regional variation in behaviour and biology, but occasional contact b/w groups through the sharing of icleas (cultural transmission) and mates (gene flow) was sufficient to prevent the formation q distint biological species. 1 Assimilation mochets combine elements of the other two models, and their adherente favor an African origin of Homo sapiens with varying degrees of integration through interbreeding with existing poph Homo sapiens spread from their place

Evidence needed to support or refute these models include the age and location of the earliest fossils assigned to Hona sapiens. The species. attribution ad tate of pre-existing horrinin populations and the extent to which evidence for interbreeding. (2) Australopithecus afarensis: Av. afarensis had bath ape and honen characteristics members of this species had ape the fall proportions (a flat nose, a strongly projecting lower jaw) and brain case (with. shall brain, usually less than 500 cubic caus; about 1/2 the sige modern han brain) and long, strong arus with curved fingers adapted for climbing trees slay also had shall teeth like all other carly body stood on two legs and regularly walked upright. shir adaptations for wing both in the trees and on the ground helped them survine for almost million years as a limate & enviroments changed Canine humans that a first. It Hono erectly! the extinct ancient homon Homo erectus is a species q was the first our relatives to have honan the body proportions auth shortor arms and longer legs relative to its torso. It was also the first known hommia to nigrate out oft Atra. t had an upright poston. I crester smaller than that of homans today, in some nearly half the size and their Akulls were thicker. Early Hi esectus had smaller, more princtive teeth, a heller overall size and thinner, less robust skulle compared lter sepe chons. brain sige wa lares 70

Multiregional out of Africa att Assimilation Evolution ania Oceania Asia Africa Yearsay adain oceania Asia Atrica acpenz oceania Asia modern Hitnans Africa Europe Modern Modern tunan roman lineage lineage 50,000 100,000 Homo erectis 1,800,000 spread of Homo erected through ad the old world spread of thomo erectus throughout the old world spread of Homo erectus throughout the old world African origin for African origin for African origin for Homo erectus Homo erectus thomo erectus Diagram showing each of the three major evolutionary Models:

ca The species also had a large face empared to modern Leann. the Neanderthals their skulls was long and low, sather than rounded leo our own, and their lower jaw baclood a chin. brow ſelges Homo heidelbergensis! ahe craniums have mapine long and low brouincate and pulle vallt bones lilee those q Ho crectos. que brain cases langer tham chat is typical for to erectus but the sheolls lacle the unique specializations that charactenze the Neanderthals. zu Heidelberg jaw also called the Mauer jaw, bels chips and is exceptionally thick ad broael. see teeth are surprisingly Stall for such a masive nanel ble. is also long, and feature imply that the individual had projarting the jaw وی - fice protsveled romo neandertalensa: Heanderthals hael long shall I compared to the globular sholl of hoelern charactenste honans) with a prominent brow ridge above their eyes. sheir face was also distinctive. The central pourt of the by forward and was crominated wide a very big, hose Oheir front teeth large, nel scratch. markes show they wire regularly used like a twirel hand when puepaning food another materials unlike modern honais I Heanderthals dicnot have much chin. Wore

shull a reduction heche Homo sapiens! Moclean Homo sapient okulls have a short base and a high brain caser Back is roureled and ládlicate muscle. face is reasonably shall with a projecting hose bone Brow zielge is knited red the fare head is tall. Orbits (eye socleets] square rather than nounal Jaws are host which result in an almost vertical face usually no gap blw the milar teeth. and The jaw bone Jawor we lightly built and have protouding bony chin for aldeed strength. Teeth relatively shall earlier species. compared with reasons a criss across reben Current evidence all hominins before to crectus wreel in Africe. Dispersal of species happear for mange but esentially to esector probably olifted portturn Africa the sihai Penin. duela in to Asis. environmental changes meant suitable habitats and food sources shetched that for sabre toothed cet renares were found longside to created forolls Georga. que cents apparently dispersed from A fica. shere specialised carnivores ecled the teeth to strip carcass cleand its ment. It is likely that the spread M. erectus as far as sauc, across that are Islands of southeast Asia, was possible because there connected at the time. This to getter with their nay explain the broad geographic a now ave larger body size range of t. erectus-