Question

VI. Mill's Methods. For each of the following passages, identify which of Mill's Methods is being used. Choices are: Method of Agreement, Method of Disagreement, Joint Method of Agreement and Disagreement, Method of Residue, and Method of Concomitant Variation. (2 points each) I 1. 150 people ate at Grandma Joe's Restaurant on Wednesday, 23 of them ate the rice and lentil soup, but had different drinks, appetizers, and deserts. Those 23 customers got sick. No one else who ate at Grandma Joe's Restaurant on Wednesday got sick. 2. John ate salad and fish. Tom ate salad and spaghetti. Joachim ate salad and pizza. All three got sick. So, eating salad caused them to get sick. 3. Ralph and Jose are in the same year in college and are enrolled in all the same classes. Jose studied for the exam and aced it. Ralph did not study for the exam, and got a B. So, Jose aced the exam because he studied. 4. Charlese baked several cakes, and she found that the more sugar she puts into the batter, the more the children like the cakes. So, sugar in the batter causes children to like the cake. 5. Jamal had two pots. He put seeds in one and not in the other. Plants grew in the pot that had seeds in it, but not in the other pot. So, the seeds caused the plants to grow.

Answer 1

Accurately determining causes and effects is not a simple task. We can often confuse the two, or misidentify one because we lack sufficient information. Mill’s methods are attempts to isolate a cause from a complex event sequence.

1. Method of agreement: Two or more instances of an event (effect) are compared to see what they have in common. That commonality is identified as the cause.
2. Method of difference: Two or more instances of an event (effect) are compared to see what they all do not have in common. If they have all but one thing in common, that one thing is identified as the cause.
3. Joint method of agreement and difference: A combination of the methods of agreement and difference, the joint method looks for a single commonality among two or more instances of an event, and the joint method looks for a common absence of that possible cause.
4. Method of residues: all known causes of a complex set of events are subtracted. What is leftover is said to be the cause.
5. Method of concomitant variations: correlations between varying events are sought, that is, correspondence in variations between two sets of objects, events, or data4

So lets answer our 1 st question

Answer 1

This situation is an example of Mill's Joint Method of Agreement and Difference: the 23 students are evidence that everyone who got ill had eaten rice, and the 127 matching pairs are evidence that only those who got ill had eaten rice. This is a powerful combination of the first two methods, since it tends to support our notion that genuine causes are necessary and sufficient conditions for their effects.

Answer 2

This is an application of Mill's Method of Agreement: investigation of the cases in which the effect occurred revealed only one prior circumstance that all of them shared. Our customary notion here is that similar effects are likely to arise from a similar cause, and since everyone who fell ill had eaten salad, it was probably the cause.

Answer 3

This is an example of Mill's Method of Concomitant Variation: the evidence appears to show that there is a direct correlation between the degree to which the cause occurred and the degree to which the effect occurred. This conforms to our ordinary supposition that effects are typically proportional to their causes. In effect, this is a sophisticated version of the Joint Method, one in which we notice not just the occurrence or non-occurrence of the causal terms, but the extent to which each of them took place.

Like who so ever studies more get more marks

Answer 4

This is an example of Mill's Method of Concomitant Variation: the evidence appears to show that there is a direct correlation between the degree to which the cause occurred and the degree to which the effect occurred. This conforms to our ordinary supposition that effects are typically proportional to their causes. In effect, this is a sophisticated version of the Joint Method, one in which we notice not just the occurrence or non-occurrence of the causal terms, but the extent to which each of them took place.

Like the more sugar the more likely .

Answer 5

This situation is an example of Mill's Joint Method of Agreement and Difference: the first four students are evidence that everyone who got ill had eaten coleslaw, and the four matching pairs are evidence that only those who got ill had eaten coleslaw. This is a powerful combination of the first two methods, since it tends to support our notion that genuine causes are necessary and sufficient conditions for their effects.

Hence these are all answers of your question

I have tried my best to answer your question

If you have any doubt then please ask me in comment section

I will try my best to answer your query

ThankYou!

Happy Learning:)

.