Question

Describe the basic components required for to make a simple HeNe laser from scratch. Design it to output a single linearly polarized mode with maximum efficiency.

Answer 1

Helium-neon laser construction

The helium-neon laser consists of three essential components:

• Pump source (high voltage power supply)
• Gain medium (laser glass tube or discharge glass tube)
• Resonating cavity

  High voltage power supply or pump source

  In order to produce the laser beam, it is essential to achieve population inversion. Population inversion is the process of achieving more electrons in the higher energy state as compared to the lower energy state.

  In general, the lower energy state has more electrons than the higher energy state. However, after achieving population inversion, more electrons will remain in the higher energy state than the lower energy state.

  In order to achieve population inversion, we need to supply energy to the gain medium or active medium. Different types of energy sources are used to supply energy to the gain medium. In ruby lasers and Nd:YAG lasers, the light energy sources such as flashtubes or laser diodes are used as the pump source. However, in helium-neon lasers, light energy is not used as the pump source. In helium-neon lasers, a high voltage DC power supply is used as the pump source. A high voltage DC supplies electric current through the gas mixture of helium and neon.
  DC power supply -H Anode Cathode Laser output Helium-Neon gas mixture Output coupler Glass tube High reflector
  

• Gain medium (discharge glass tube or glass envelope)

  The gain medium of a helium-neon laser is made up of the mixture of helium and neon gas contained in a glass tube at low pressure. The partial pressure of helium is 1 mbar whereas that of neon is 0.1 mbar.

  The gas mixture is mostly comprised of helium gas. Therefore, in order to achieve population inversion, we need to excite primarily the lower energy state electrons of the helium atoms.

  In He-Ne laser, neon atoms are the active centers and have energy levels suitable for laser transitions while helium atoms help in exciting neon atoms.

  Electrodes (anode and cathode) are provided in the glass tube to send the electric current through the gas mixture. These electrodes are connected to a DC power supply.

  Resonating cavity

  The glass tube (containing a mixture of helium and neon gas) is placed between two parallel mirrors. These two mirrors are silvered or optically coated.

  Each mirror is silvered differently. The left side mirror is partially silvered and is known as output coupler whereas the right side mirror is fully silvered and is known as the high reflector or fully reflecting mirror.

  The fully silvered mirror will completely reflect the light whereas the partially silvered mirror will reflect most part of the light but allows some part of the light to produce the laser beam.

  Working of helium-neon laser

  In order to achieve population inversion, we need to supply energy to the gain medium. In helium-neon lasers, we use high voltage DC as the pump source. A high voltage DC produces energetic electrons that travel through the gas mixture.

  The gas mixture in helium-neon laser is mostly comprised of helium atoms. Therefore, helium atoms observe most of the energy supplied by the high voltage DC.

  When the power is switched on, a high voltage of about 10 kV is applied across the gas mixture. This power is enough to excite the electrons in the gas mixture. The electrons produced in the process of discharge are accelerated between the electrodes (cathode and anode) through the gas mixture.In the process of flowing through the gas, the energetic electrons transfer some of their energy to the helium atoms in the gas. As a result, the lower energy state electrons of the helium atoms gain enough energy and jumps into the excited states or metastable states. Let us assume that these metastable states are F₃ and F₅.

  1 2 F5 F5 Excitation due to collision of electrons - F4 F4 F3 F3 High-speed energetic electrons F2 F2 F1 F1 Helium Physics and Radio-Electronics Helium

• The metastable state electrons of the helium atoms cannot return to ground state by spontaneous emission. However, they can return to ground state by transferring their energy to the lower energy state electrons of the neon atoms.

  The energy levels of some of the excited states of the neon atoms are identical to the energy levels of metastable states of the helium atoms. Let us assume that these identical energy states are F₃ = E₃ and F₅ = E₅. E₃ and E₅ are excited states or metastable states of neon atoms.