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1) We can view the US justice system as a hypothesis test. Take the null hypothesis to be that the defendant is innocent and

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Null hypothesis: The defendant is innocent

Alternate hypothesis: The defendant is guilty

Type-1 error: Probability of rejecting null hypothesis when null hypothesis is true.

i,e. Probability of The defendant is guilty when The defendant is innocent.

Type-2 error : Probability of not rejecting null hypotheis when Alternate hypotheis is true.

i,e. Probability of The defendant is innocent when The defendant is guilty.

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