Bill of quantities
A quantity bill is a paper used to contract products, parts, and services (and costs) in the construction industry. It also details (ideally) the conditions under which the construction contract is to be constructed or repaired and details all work to allow a contractor to price the work he or she is offering to do. The volumes can be measured by quantity, area, volume, weight, and time. To prepare a quantity bill the design must be complete and a requirement prepared.
The quantities are requested for the tenderers to draw up a price for the works. The quantity bill allowed bidders to quantify building costs for the offer because since both bidders can pay equivalent quantities, it often provided a rational because of the precise tendering mechanism rather than taking quantities from the sketches and requirements.
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Seeley and Winfield (1999) Quantity Bills are a paper consisting of a timetable of the work items to be carried out in the framework of a contract with quantity entered for each item prepared by the Standard Building Works Measurement Method (SMM7). BOQ's are drawn up on behalf of the client by the quantity surveyor, according to Ramus and Birchall (2003), based on detailed architectural drawings and specifications. The BOQs are also sent to the contractors at the price of the next project, together with the drawings and specifications. The businessmen inject instead a unit price for each object into the banknotes and if the products are all aggregated, the effect becomes the expense of the whole account and therefore the price of the tenderer (Turner, 1995).
According to Ashworth and Hogg (2000), the history of BOQ goes back to the 19th century. They state that the merchants hired surveyors to plan a BOQ for the job through that general contracting in the industrial revolution. The vendors quickly found that the bills were endlessly duplicated and that each was using their surveyor so a common surveyor was hired to produce a report that would price both firms' workers. The firms decided that a successful employer should pay the wages of the boss. With the payment of the surveyors ultimately from the customer, it soon became obvious that these surveyors were better used for them under the architect's direct authority (Ashworth & Hogg, 2000). This method of procurement was historically embraced until post-World War 2 and remains mostly in the small to medium scale today (Cartlidge, 2006).
For several years the benefits and drawbacks of BOQ have been discussed and argued, and the dispute has contributed to clear views and differences of opinion. "The quantity bill was in the recent past often maligned as obsolete and needless in new procurement settings," says Duncan Cartlidge (2009). Indeed, the number of contracts based on a score of quantities in the last 20 years or so has fallen sharply. Many in the construction industry consider this to be the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the BOQ. The first is the pre-contract tendering step (described earlier), while the other is at the post-contract period when the contractors use the BOQ and the QS to change the work value and price in terms of the design. The advantages and pitfalls of the BOQ in both pre and post-contract processes are addressed by Davis, Love, and Baccarini, (2009).
Pre-contract advantages of BOQ:
Precontract step drawbacks of BOQ:
Post-contract phase advantages of BOQ:
Post contract phase disadvantages of BOQ:
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