Question

Q1: What is breast mammography (components and working principle)?                                                                                   Q2: What are the differences between Mammography and breast tomosynthesis?                                                                                 Q3: What is ultrasound (components and working principle)?                                                                                                       Q4: Explain Doppler effect?                                                                                                                                                              Q5: Why CT is better than X-ray scan ?What are the applications of CT?

Answer 1

Q1: Breast mammography  

Answer: Mammography is a special medical imagery that uses a small-dose x-ray system to gaze inside the breasts. A mammography examination, called a mammogram, assists in the early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer in women.

How it works:

During every mammography, the patient's breast is placed on a flat support plate and compacted with a parallel plate called a paddle. An x-ray machine produces a tiny pulse of x-rays traveling through the breast to the detectors on the other side. The photographs that are created are called mammograms.

Mammography components:

The complete mammographic radiographic system includes an x-ray generator, an x-ray tube, a gantry, and a recording medium. The X-ray generator adjusts the incoming voltage that will provide the X-ray tube with both the power needed to produce the X-ray beam.

Q2:

Answer:Tomosynthesis and mammography these two are similar in that they are techniques for breast imaging which are used to detect signs of breast cancer. They can be used to check breast cancer progression.

Differences between Mammography and breast tomosynthesis

tomosynthesis	Mammography
Two x-rays on each breast are taken for a mammogram.	The breast will be kept in place for such a tomosynthesis scan whereas a special tube rotates around the breast.
Tomosynthesis captures a 3-dimensional (3-D) image	mammogram only captures a 2-dimensional (2-D) image.
it is most advanced technique	it is least advanced technique as compared to tomosynthesis.

Q3:ultrasound

Answer: Ultrasound imaging uses sound waves to produce pictures of the inside of the body. It is used to help diagnose the causes of pain, swelling and infection in the body's internal organs and to examine a baby in pregnant women and the brain and hips in infants. It's also used to help guide biopsies, diagnose heart conditions, and assess damage after a heart attack. Ultrasound is safe, noninvasive, and does not use ionizing radiation.

Ultrasound working:The ultrasonic machine transmits high-frequency (1 to 5 mhz) sound pulses to ones body using a probe. Sound waves travel through your body and reach a boundary between tissues ( e.g. fluid and soft tissue, soft tissue, and bone).

Ultrasound Machine Component

The ultrasound machine has the following components: monitor, keyboard, processor, data storage system and probe or transducer. A transducer performs two functions: it emits sound waves (echoes) at a certain frequency and captures the returning echoes at frequencies dependent on the tissues through which the waves traverse.

Q4:Doppler effect

Answer: Doppler ia an phenomenon which is discovered by Christian Johann Doppler in 1842. it is the change in the frequency of sound increases or decreases as the source of sound and observer moves towards or away from each other.

Example: an passing buzzing motorcycle as it moves towards us it sounds loud and when it moves away it sound is decreased.   

Q5:Why CT is better than X-ray scan ?What are the applications of CT?

Answer:Healthcare professionals are using x-rays to detect bone misalignments and fractures and to detect types of cancer and pneumonia. However, CT scans are a type of advanced x-ray devices used among physicians to diagnose internal organ injuries using x-ray images of the structure and the computer.In some cases, x-ray machines do not diagnose problems with muscle damage, soft tissues or other organs and tissues, but with a CT scan, this is completely possible. The x-ray images are in 2D, while the CT scan images are in 3D. The Advanced imaging machine rotates on the axis and takes different 2D images of the body from multiple angles.

Applications of Computer Tomography

1.CT scans can detect bone and joint disorders, such as complicated bone fractures and tumors.
2 Condition such as cancer , heart disease, emphysema, or liver mass, CT scans can detect it or help your doctor see any changes.
3. They show internal injuries and bleeding, such as those caused by car accidents.

4.They may help to locate a tumor, blood clot, excess fluid, or infection.
5.Healthcare professionals use them to guide treatment plans and strategies, such as biopsies, surgery, and radiation therapy.