Question: Answer whether 1 and 2 is forward or reverse genetics for the fill in the blank.
1. Abstract 1 (Döring et al., 2019)
The evolution of C4 photosynthesis proceeded stepwise with each small step increasing the fitness of the plant. An important pre-condition for the introduction of a functional C4 cycle is the photosynthetic activation of the C3 bundle sheath by increasing its volume and organelle number. Therefore, to engineer C4 photosynthesis into existing C3 crops, information about genes that control the bundle sheath cell size and organelle content is needed. However, very little information is known about the genes that could be manipulated to create a more C4 -like bundle sheath. To this end, an ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS)-base [forward genetic or reverse genetic] screen was established in the Brassicaceae C3 species Arabidopsis thaliana. To ensure a high-throughput primary screen, the bundle sheath cells of A. thaliana were labeled using a luciferase (LUC68) or by a chloroplast-targeted green fluorescent protein (sGFP) reporter using a bundle sheath specific promoter. The signal strengths of the reporter genes were used as a proxy to search for mutants with altered bundle sheath anatomy. Here, we show that our genetic screen predominantly identified mutants that were primarily affected in the architecture of the vascular bundle, and led to an increase in bundle sheath volume. By using a mapping-by-sequencing approach the genomic segments that contained mutated candidate genes were identified.
2. Abstract 2 (Hartman et al., 2006)
The VP35 protein of Zaire Ebola virus is an essential component
of the viral RNA polymerase complex and also functions to
antagonize the cellular type I interferon (IFN) response by
blocking activation of the transcription factor IRF-3. We
previously mapped the IRF-3 inhibitory domain within the C terminus
of VP35.
In the present study, we show that mutations that disrupt the IRF-3
inhibitory function of VP35 do not disrupt viral
transcription/replication, suggesting that the two functions of
VP35 are separable. Second, using [reverse genetics or
forward genetics] , we successfully recovered recombinant
Ebola viruses containing mutations within the IRF-3 inhibitory
domain. Importantly, we show that the recombinant viruses were
attenuated for growth in cell culture and that they activated IRF-3
and IRF-3-inducible gene expression at levels higher than that for
Ebola virus containing wild-type VP35. In the context of Ebola
virus pathogenesis, VP35 may function to limit early IFN-beta
production and other antiviral signals generated from cells at the
primary site of infection, thereby slowing down the host’s ability
to curb virus replication and induce adaptive immunity.
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Question: Answer whether 1 and 2 is forward or reverse genetics for the fill in the...
2. A dominant allele H reduces the number of body bristles that Drosophila flies have, giving rise to a “hairless” phenotype. In the homozygous condition, H is lethal. An independently assorting dominant allele S has no effect on bristle number except in the presence of H, in which case a single dose of S suppresses the hairless phenotype, thus restoring the "hairy" phenotype. However, S also is lethal in the homozygous (S/S) condition. What ratio of hairy to hairless flies...