Question

SUMMARY OF ANTIBIOTICS USED FOR KIRBY-BAUER DISK DIFFUSION SENSITIVITY Antiblotic Name Natural, Semi Spectrum of Activity: Active Against GP, Mechanism of Action* Side Effects/Other or Synthetce? Broad or Narrow? GN or both Vancomycin Erythromycin Sulfamethoxasole Trimethoprim Cefazolin Ciprofloxacin Ampicillir Oxacillin Gentamicin Ceftazidime Linezolid Daptomycin Ceftobiprole Cell wall synthesis inhibitor, protein synthesis inhibitor, disruptor of cytoplasmic membrane, metabolic pathway inhibitor, DNA/RNA synthesis inhibitor

Answer 1

VANCOMYCIN-naturally occuring-narrow spectrum-gram positve only- prevent cell wall synthesis-side effects:

• serious allergic reactions (anaphylactoid reactions),
• including low blood pressure,
• wheezing,
• indigestion,
• hives, or.
• itching.
• Rapid infusion of Vancomycin may also cause flushing of the upper body (called "red neck" or "red man syndrome"),
• dizziness,

ERYTHROMYCIN: natural-:broad spectrum-gram positive- inhibit protein synthesis-Common side effects include abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea

SULFAMETHOXASOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM- synthethic-broad spectrum-both gram +ve and -ve- Sulfamethoxazole inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). Trimethoprimblocks the production of tetrahydrofolic acid from dihydrofolic acid by binding to and reversibly inhibiting the required enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase..side effect.

• Sore throat and cough.
• Severe, prolonged diarrhea that may occur with fever and stomach cramps, which possibly indicates a C. difficile infection.
• Fever or chills.
• Trouble breathing.
• Unusual bruising or bleeding.
• Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
• Joint or muscle pain

CEFAZOLIN:semi synthetic-broad spectrum-both gram +ve and -ve-Mechanism of action. Cefazolininhibits cell wall biosynthesis by binding Penicillin binding proteins which stops peptidoglycan synthesis. Penicillin binding proteins are bacterial proteins that help to catalyze the last stages of peptidoglycan synthesis, which is needed to maintain the cell wall.

• injection site reactions (pain, swelling, skin rash, or a hard lump),
• diarrhea,
• stomach pain,
• stomach cramps,
• nausea,
• vomiting,
• loss of appetite,
• skin rash or itching

CIPROFLOXACIN:

Synthetic-broad spectrum- bith-gram +ve and -ve-inhibits dna gyrase-

• nausea.
• diarrhea.
• vomiting.
• stomach upset.
• dizziness.
• rash.

AMPICILLIN: synthetic-broad spectrum- both gram +ve and -ve- inhibits trans- peptidase required for cell wall synthesis-

• Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
• Hives or rash.
• Swelling of the tongue.
• Thrush or yeast infection.
• Black, hairy tongue.
• High levels of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell.

OXACILLIN:

Semi-synthetic-Narrow spectrum- gram +ve- inhibit bacteriql cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding sites - pain at injection site, nausea, vomiting,stomach pain,black hairy tongue

GENTAMYCIN- natural-broad spectrum-both gram +ve and -ve (least on -ve)-stop the growth of bacteria- respiratory depression, lethargy, confusion, weight loss, hypotension, rash, urticaria.

CEFTAZIMIDE:semi synthetic -gram -ve -exert bactericidal action by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis and inhibit cross linkage of peptidoglycan- infection at site, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea , headache

LINEZOLID:

Synthetic- narrow spectrum-Gram +ve-disrupts bacterial growth by inhibiting the initiation process of protein synthesis-

Injection site reactions, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache

DAPTOMYCIN:

synthetic- gram +ve- disrupting cell membrane-muscle cramps, numbness of hands or feet, chest pain,swelling

CEFTOBIPROLE:

Broad spectrum- both gram +ve and -ve-bind to pbp inhibit transpeptidation and formation of bacterial cell wall leading to lysis and death-nausea, vomiting, headache, infusion site reactions