Question

8. Consider how the heavy elements that make up planets like the earth are formed. Which of the following is most likely to be true about the origin of Earth?

1. Earth arose around a very ancient star (our sun) that had had plenty of time to synthesize heavy elements.
2. Earth arose in a region of our galaxy where few earlier stars formed so that the hydrogen fuel for our sun was abundant.
3. Earth arose in a region that was very characteristic of other star forming regions so that other planets like Earth are likely to be very common.
4. Earth arose in a region that was very unusual in having many earlier star life cycles so that other planets like Earth are likely to be very uncommon.

9. In the presence of a catalyst, molecules A and B very rapidly and efficiently undergo a chemical reaction to produce molecules C and D. Given the Second Law of Thermodynamics, what must be true about this reaction?

1. A and C must be larger than B and D.
2. A,B,C and D must be smaller than the catalyst
3. The reaction must release energy.
4. A and B must have less energy than C and D

10. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is a fundamental principle governing all chemical processes, including those of the special case of chemistry that is life. Which of the following is an example of the way living organisms are constrained by the Second Law?

1. Organisms must be mobile in order to move from areas of low energy to high energy.
2. The design information building organisms requires energy to produce tools but not to replicate itself.

3. The design information building organisms cannot be replicated with perfect accuracy or fidelity.
4. The tools replicating the design information that builds organisms cannot be conventional biological catalysts.
   

11. The world of biological organisms is “Malthusian”. Which of the following most accurately describes the implications of this characteristic for the history of organisms?

1. Organisms will inevitably experience natural selection because the Second Law makes variation inevitable and competition in a crowded, finite world is likewise inevitable.
2. Organisms will experience natural selection - making them more efficient until they can evade the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
3. Organisms will change with time because their world will grow more and more crowded over time.
4. Organisms will evolve to be resistant to natural selection because kin-selected behaviors shield organisms from the Malthusian world.

12. Each of the following statements is true about some or all organisms on planet earth. Which is the most fundamental – most basic, complete, general and accurate – statement about what distinguishes all organisms from all non-organisms?

1. Organisms are entities which contain chemically encoded information and chemical tools designed to assist in the chemical replication of that information.
2. Organisms require cooperation of conspecifics to reproduce.
3. Organisms require external energy sources to sustain their non-equilibrium status.
4. The information designing organisms is prone to error in its replication as a result of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Answer 1

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