Question

QUESTION 3

In a park, Maci saw one pigeon that would turn in a circle one way and then turn in a circle the opposite way before it approached any person who was about to feed it. She wondered why it engaged in this pattern of behavior. Based on the studies by B. F. Skinner, which explanation BEST accounts for the pigeon's behavior?

		The pigeon was showing post hoc (“after this, therefore because of this”) reasoning.
		The sight of food in Maci's hand motivated the pigeon.
		The pigeon learned the superstitious behavior through operant conditioning.
		A park visitor shaped and reinforced the pigeon's behavior.

QUESTION 4

In cultures where magic is practiced, people may use an amulet (a charm that is shaped like an animal) to give them the characteristics of the animal. For example, wearing a bear amulet might give a person strength. This belief seems to be the operation of the _____ heuristic.

		representativeness
		availability
		illusory correlation
		superstition QUESTION 6 Rozen and his colleagues found that study participants often would not eat some good chocolate when it had been shaped to look like poo or an insect. This response is MOST related to: the law of similarity. not wanting to tempt fate or push your luck. people's mistaken ideas about coincidence. apparent mental causation. 0.5 points    QUESTION 7 Erol had been thinking negative thoughts about Sophia because she had “dumped” him for another guy right before Christmas. Steve said to Erol, “Hey, did you hear that Sophia got really sick?” After hearing this news, Erol felt guilty, because he had been hoping something bad would happen to her. Erol's belief that maybe he had influenced this event BEST illustrates the influence of: the law of contagion. the law of similarity. overestimating coincidences. apparent mental causation. 0.5 points    QUESTION 8 The text describes the influence of the law of contagion as a kind of overgeneralization, or sweeping generalization, in that people under its influence tend to: avoid contact with all people whom they believe could have a disease, even when those people cannot transmit the disease to others. engage in faulty inductive reasoning, in which they lack sufficient information to draw a well-reasoned conclusion. believe in superstitious ideas that are stereotypes about people and so shun other people for being different from them. generalize beyond the diseases individuals know they have and conclude that they also have other diseases.