Question

3-Define 1-Biogenesis 2-Koch's germ theory of disease 3-Bioremediation 4-Endospore 5-Plasmid 4-Analysis 1-The genus name of a bacterium is "erwinia," and the specific epithet is "amylovora." Write the scientific name of this organism correctly. Using this name as an example, explain how scientific names are chosen. 2-How can prokaryotic cells be smaller than eukaryotic cells and still carry on all the functions of life? 5-Answer these questions: 1-What are the major structural differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls? 2-How does simple diffusion differ from facilitated diffusion?

Answer 1

1. Biogenesis: The term biogenesis is defined as the production of life from already preexisting organisms. It is more specific, where living things only come from other living things through reproduction.

2. Koch germ theory of disease: The Koch germ theory of disease states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms. These small microorganisms, which are too small to be visualised through naked eye, invade humans, animals, and other living hosts. Koch also performed experiments to prove that the bacterium Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax which could be observed in the tissue of anthrax victims.

3. Biorenmediation: Bioremediation is the process of using organisms to remove contamination from environemental pollutants. This kind of process does not uses toxic chemicals, although it may use an organism that can be harmful under certain conditions.

4. endospore: Endopsores are dormant, resistant spores which are produced by few Gram-positive bacteria under unfavuorable conditions.

5. Plasmid: Plasmids aew small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that are different from a cell's chromosomal DNA. They occur naturally in bacterial cells, and also in some eukaryotes.

Analysis:

1. The scientific name of the organism is Erwinia amylovora, which are derived from the names of scientists. In this case, Erwinia came from a plant pathologist, Erwin F. Smith. Scientific names includes the name of an organism, its habitat, its movement, or what it consumes. E. amylovora is a pathogen of plants, where Amylo meaning starch, and vora meaning eat.

2.The importnat characteristics of prokaryotic cells isd that they have a good surface area to volume ratio. Prokarytic cells have single circular chromosome and does not have membrane bound organelles. In prokaryotic cells all the chemical process happens in the cytoplasm and cell membrane, which have in minimal functional level.

Answer the questions:

1.The cell wall of Gram positive bacteria is made of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid, cell wall is single layered, have low lipid content. Teichoic acid proves the stability of the plasma membrane.

Gram negative bacteria: Cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. Teichoic acid is absent. Have high lipid content. GLycolipid is present in the cell wall.

2. Simple: Does not require an carrier molecule. The speed is relatively slow. It is not solute specific. It is always a passive process.

Facilitated diffusion: It requires a carrier molecule. The speed is comparatively fast. It is alwauys solute specific. It can be either active or passive process.