Question

QUESTION 1 The catabolism of different biomolecules requires different enzymes for the different types of molecules. Humans cannot break down many complex polysaccharides such as plant fiber, yet this contributes to our caloric intake. This is possible because the plant fiber o a. can be broken down by symbiotic bacteria in the gut microbiome, which contributes to our intake. b. is associated with other molecules that normally would not be consumed but can be broken down O c. does not actually contribute to caloric intake but secreted substrates from their microbial fermentation does. d.spontaneously breaks down after enough time in the gut QUESTION 2 The Entner-Douderoff pathway is an alternative to the Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas pathway that allows breakdown of sugar aciod substrates and allows gut microbiome members to feed on secreted mucus with such acids in the intestine. This is beneficial because the O a. mucus increases the rate of digestion. b. additional mucus prevents the formation of ulcers 0 c. microbes stimulate the immune system and prevent pathogens from colonizing. o d. microbes induce the production of enzymes by the intestine.

Answer 1

Hi Answer:

Q.1. The catabolism of different biomolecules requires different enzymes for the different types of molecules. The human cannot break down many complex polysaccharides such as plant fiber, yet this contributes to our caloric intake. This is possible because of plant fiber

Answer: Option C [Does not actually contribute to caloric intake but secreted substrates from their microbial fermentation does.]

The plant fibers which we intake in our food does not provide calories but they include many complex substances having unique formula, function, and properties. As these fibers reach into the small bowl they face the fermentative action of the gut microflora, and production of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) along with hydrogen and carbon dioxide took place. It is seen that in human large bowel fermentation of digestive fibers is a dominant process and help in the bowel function and energy is obtained by the SCFA absorption.

Q.2. The Entner-Douderoff pathway is an alternative to the Embden Meyerhoff-Pamas Pathway that allows the breakdown of sugar acid substrates and allows gut microbiome members to feed on secreted mucus with such acids in the intestine. This is beneficial because of the

Answer: Option B [additional mucus prevents the formation of ulcers]

Mucus is the viscus, slimy liquid which covers the intestine walls. Its composition is water, epithelial cells, dead leukocytes, mucin, and several inorganic salts. It is mainly produced by mucous cells which are present in small glands located on the mucous membrane which lines the entire digestive tract. While food is being digested in the intestine a number of enzyme act on food which changes the pH of the food, the mucus is the only substance which protects the intestine cells from this pH change and protects them from being damaged with extremely high or low pH changes. Mucus also avoid the direct contact between the food and intestine cells so it also prevents the formation of ulcers in the intestine.