Question

please answer 7 to 11

7. How do mating systems affect the reproductive success of an organism? Differentiate between the major mating systems 8. What are the major types of social interactions, how might they benefit the donor and recipient in cach case? Why might natural selection favor one behavior over another? 9. Discuss the pros and cons of living in groups. 10. What is cusociality? Describe a species that uses this strategy, and how eusociality might enhance individual fitness. 11. Using coefficients of relate dness and inclusive fitness, explain J.B.S. Haldane's famous quote, "I would lay down my life for two brothers or eight cousins."

Answer 1

7. Mating system affects reproductive success of an organism:

a) Sexual selection: It is a type of natural selection where one sex has a preference for certain characteristics in an individuals of opposite sex, thus leading to increased reproductive success of individuals who have that particular characteristic.

b) Sexual dimorphism: It is the condition in which two sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs. This leads to specific behaviors in males that increase their reproductive success.  

c) Adaptations to increase reproductive success: Characteristics like parental investment, direct male competition, and indirect male competition affects reproductive success in an individual.

There are four types of mating systems:

a) Monogamy: This is a mating sytem in which two animals mate with only one another.

b) Polygyny: This is a mating system in which one male mates with two or more females.

c) Polyandry: This is a mating system in which one female gets mating rights to multiple males.

d) Polygynandry: This is a mating system in which two or more males mates with two or more females.

8. There are five types social interactions: exchange, competition, cooperation, conflict and coercion.

a) Exchange:  This is a type of social interaction whereby social behavior is exchanged for some type of reward for equal or more value. The reward can be monetary or non monetary.

b) Competition: Competition is a process by which two or more people attempt to achieve a goal that only one can win. So, only one will have the benefit.

c) Cooperation: This is the process of two or more people working or acting in concert. Both the donar and the recipient will be equally benefitted in this case.

d) Conflict: This is the struggle for agency or power within a society to gain control of scarce resources. Conflict is motivated by pursuit of personal interests.

e) Accommodation: This Is a process of developing temporary working agreements between conflicting individuals or groups. Both will be benefitted in this scenario.

According to Kin Behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection.

9. Pros of living in group:

a) It helps animals obtain food easily without putting any extra efforts.

b) It helps animals defend themselves from other wild animals.

c) It helps animals to cope with changes in the environment.

Cons of living in group

a) More vulnerable to diseases.

b) More vulnerablity to predators.

c) More competition to find mating partners.

d) More competition to get food.

10. Eusociality is the highest level of organization of sociality and is defined by some discrete characteristics like cooperative brood care, overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups.

Insects uses this strategy of Eusociality.

Eusociality depends on high levels of altruism within groups as individuals increase the fitness of other individuals at a cost to themselves

Eusocial organisms also passes on one generation's genes or fitness to the next generation.