Question

CASE STUDY 5.2 Jamie is a 48-year-old black woman who comes into the emergency department complaining of painful swelling, drainage, and redness over the past 5 days in the left hand. She spends a lot of time outdoors 4 5 6

Answer 1

1. Here, he first developed skin infection and symptoms associated with community acquired ( CA-MRSA). and later on it is resistant due to intravenous administration.

2. Here probable source of infection is because of poor hygiene, such as infrequent or improper handwashing.

3.   muscle pain, swelling and tenderness in the affected body part a rash,inability to heal wounds,a fever of 100.4°F or higher, chills.

Explanation

What is MRSA?

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an infection caused by Staphylococcus (staph) bacteria. This type of bacteria is resistant to many different antibiotics. These include methicillin and related antibiotics, such as penicillin, vancomycin, and oxacillin.

Methicillin is an antibiotic that is related to penicillin. It was once effective against Staphylococci (staph), a type of bacteria. Over time, staph bacteria have developed a resistance to penicillin-related antibiotics, including methicillin. These resistant bacteria are called methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA.

These bacteria naturally live in the nose and on the skin and generally don’t cause any harm. However, when they begin to multiply uncontrollably, a MRSA infection can occur.

The symptoms of MRSA depend on where you're infected. Most often, it causes mild infections on the skin, like sores, boils, or abscesses. But it can also cause more serious skin infections or infect surgical wounds, the bloodstream, the lungs, or the urinary tract.

Though most MRSA infections aren't serious, some can be life-threatening. Many public health experts are alarmed by the spread of tough strains of MRSA. Because it's hard to treat, MRSA is sometimes called a "super bug."

MRSA infections typically occur when there’s a cut or break in your skin. MRSA is very contagious and can be spread through direct contact with a person who has the infection.

It can also be contracted by coming into contact with an object or surface that’s been touched by a person with MRSA.

types of MRSA

MRSA infections are classified as either hospital-acquired (HA-MRSA) or community-acquired (CA-MRSA).

HA-MRSA

HA-MRSA is associated with infections that are contracted in medical facilities, such as hospitals or nursing homes. You can get this type of MRSA infection through direct contact with an infected wound or contaminated hands.

You can also get the infection through contact with contaminated linens or poorly sanitized surgical instruments. HA-MRSA can cause severe problems, such as blood infections and pneumonia.

CA-MRSA

CA-MRSA is associated with infections transmitted through close personal contact with a person who has the infection or through direct contact with an infected wound.

This type of MRSA infection may also develop because of poor hygiene, such as infrequent or improper handwashing.

If it does occur, it is more likely to be a skin infection, although some people develop pneumonia and other infections.

Factors that increase the risk of developing community-associated MRSA include:

· living with a lot of people, such as on a military base, in jail, or on a campus

· having regular skin-to-skin interaction with other people, for example, in contact or collision sports, such as soccer

· doing a job or hobby that increases the risk of cuts or grazes to the skin

· regularly injecting drugs

· having low adherence to personal or environmental hygiene

· previous antibiotic use

Symptoms

The symptoms of MRSA will depend on the area of the body that is infected.

Many people carry MRSA bacteria in their mucosa, for instance, inside the nose, but they may never develop symptoms that indicate an active infection.

Staph skin infections, including MRSA, appear as a bump or sore area of the skin that can resemble an insect bite.

The infected area might be:

• red
• inflamed
• painful
• hot to the touch
• full of pus or other liquid
• accompanied by a fever

Symptoms of a serious MRSA infection in the blood or deep tissues may include:

• a fever of 100.4°F or higher
• chills
• malaise
• dizziness
• confusion
• muscle pain
• swelling and tenderness in the affected body part
• chest pain
• a cough
• breathlessness
• a headache
• a rash

       •    inability to heal wounds