Question

To understand how estrogen levels affect bone density. To understand the potential benefits of hormone replacement therapy.

Answer 1

2) ESTROGEN is a female sex hormone & It is responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. It is secreted from follicles on the ovaries and are also secreted by the corpus luteum after the egg has been released from the follicle and from the placenta But it has other effects also .Like affecting the bone density.

In this  estrogen is to inhibit bone resorption.

Bone cells have two kinds of intracellular steroid receptors for estrogen. When estrogen binds to the receptors, various genes become active. Estrogen also has effects that do not depend on activating the DNA.Estrogen effects may be mediated in part by growth factors and interleukins.

Osteoclast apoptosis is regulated by estrogens. With estrogen deficiency, the osteoclasts live longer and are therefore able to resorb more bone. In response to the increased bone resorption, there is increased bone formation and a high-turnover state develops which leads to bone loss and perforation of the trabecular plates

T cells attacks the stromal cells ,suporesses the cytokines IL6, IL1 etc to form pre-osteoblast cells , stromal cells also release the pre -osteoclast cells which later on combined with the osteoblast cells and forms osteoclast cells , and decreases the bone density.

3) mainly this procedure is related to menopause therapy otherwise the percentage of people needs therapy is althoughless.

It effectively helps such conditions as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, night sweats, and bone loss. These benefits can lead to improved sleep, and sexual relations, and quality of life