methodology of fourier series questions and solution in matlap and show result and discussion.
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About Fourier Series Models
The Fourier series is a sum of sine and cosine functions that describes a periodic signal. It is represented in either the trigonometric form or the exponential form. The toolbox provides this trigonometric Fourier series form
y=a0+ni=1aicos(iwx)+bisin(iwx)
where a0 models a constant (intercept) term in the data and is associated with the i = 0 cosine term, wis the fundamental frequency of the signal, n is the number of terms (harmonics) in the series, and 1 ≤ n ≤ 8.
For more information about the Fourier series, refer to Fourier Analysis and Filtering (MATLAB).
Fit Fourier Models Interactively
Open the Curve Fitting app by entering cftool
.
Alternatively, click Curve Fitting on the Apps tab.
In the Curve Fitting app, select curve data (X data and Y data, or just Y data against index).
Curve Fitting app creates the default curve fit,
Polynomial
.
Change the model type from Polynomial
to
Fourier
.
You can specify the following options:
Choose the number of terms: 1
to
8
.
Look in the Results pane to see the model terms, the values of the coefficients, and the goodness-of-fit statistics.
(Optional) Click Fit Options to specify coefficient starting values and constraint bounds, or change algorithm settings.
The toolbox calculates optimized start points for Fourier series models, based on the current data set. You can override the start points and specify your own values in the Fit Options dialog box.
For more information on the settings, see Specifying Fit Options and Optimized Starting Points.
For an example comparing the library Fourier fit with custom equations, see Custom Nonlinear ENSO Data Analysis.
Fit Fourier Models Using the fit Function
View MATLAB Command
This example shows how to use the fit
function to
fit a Fourier model to data.
The Fourier library model is an input argument to the
fit
and fittype
functions. Specify the
model type fourier
followed by the number of terms,
e.g., 'fourier1'
to 'fourier8'
.
This example fits the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) data. The ENSO data consists of monthly averaged atmospheric pressure differences between Easter Island and Darwin, Australia. This difference drives the trade winds in the southern hemisphere.
The ENSO data is clearly periodic, which suggests it can be described by a Fourier series. Use Fourier series models to look for periodicity.
Fit a Two-Term Fourier Model
Load some data and fit an two-term Fourier model.
load enso; f = fit(month,pressure,'fourier2')
f = General model Fourier2: f(x) = a0 + a1*cos(x*w) + b1*sin(x*w) + a2*cos(2*x*w) + b2*sin(2*x*w) Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds): a0 = 10.63 (10.23, 11.03) a1 = 2.923 (2.27, 3.576) b1 = 1.059 (0.01593, 2.101) a2 = -0.5052 (-1.086, 0.07532) b2 = 0.2187 (-0.4202, 0.8576) w = 0.5258 (0.5222, 0.5294)
plot(f,month,pressure)
The confidence bounds on a2
and b2
cross zero. For linear terms, you cannot be sure that these
coefficients differ from zero, so they are not helping with the
fit. This means that this two term model is probably no better than
a one term model.
Measure Period
The w
term is a measure of period.
2*pi/w
converts to the period in months, because the
period of sin()
and cos()
is
2*pi
.
w = f.w
w = 0.5258
2*pi/w
ans = 11.9497
w
is very close to 12 months, indicating a yearly
period. Observe this looks correct on the plot, with peaks
approximately 12 months apart.
Fit an Eight-Term Fourier Model
f2 = fit(month,pressure,'fourier8')
f2 = General model Fourier8: f2(x) = a0 + a1*cos(x*w) + b1*sin(x*w) + a2*cos(2*x*w) + b2*sin(2*x*w) + a3*cos(3*x*w) + b3*sin(3*x*w) + a4*cos(4*x*w) + b4*sin(4*x*w) + a5*cos(5*x*w) + b5*sin(5*x*w) + a6*cos(6*x*w) + b6*sin(6*x*w) + a7*cos(7*x*w) + b7*sin(7*x*w) + a8*cos(8*x*w) + b8*sin(8*x*w) Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds): a0 = 10.63 (10.28, 10.97) a1 = 0.5668 (0.07981, 1.054) b1 = 0.1969 (-0.2929, 0.6867) a2 = -1.203 (-1.69, -0.7161) b2 = -0.8087 (-1.311, -0.3065) a3 = 0.9321 (0.4277, 1.436) b3 = 0.7602 (0.2587, 1.262) a4 = -0.6653 (-1.152, -0.1788) b4 = -0.2038 (-0.703, 0.2954) a5 = -0.02919 (-0.5158, 0.4575) b5 = -0.3701 (-0.8594, 0.1192) a6 = -0.04856 (-0.5482, 0.4511) b6 = -0.1368 (-0.6317, 0.3581) a7 = 2.811 (2.174, 3.449) b7 = 1.334 (0.3686, 2.3) a8 = 0.07979 (-0.4329, 0.5925) b8 = -0.1076 (-0.6037, 0.3885) w = 0.07527 (0.07476, 0.07578)
plot(f2,month,pressure)
Measure Period
w = f2.w
w = 0.0753
(2*pi)/w
ans = 83.4736
With the f2
model, the period w
is
approximately 7 years.
Examine Terms
Look for the coefficients with the largest magnitude to find the most important terms.
a7
and b7
are the largest. Look at the
a7
term in the model equation:
a7*cos(7*x*w)
. 7*w
== 7/7 = 1 year cycle.
a7
and b7
indicate the annual cycle is
the strongest.
Similarly, a1
and b1
terms give 7/1,
indicating a seven year cycle.
a2
and b2
terms are a 3.5 year cycle
(7/2). This is stronger than the 7 year cycle because the
a2
and b2
coefficients have larger
magnitude than a1 and b1.
a3
and b3
are quite strong terms
indicating a 7/3 or 2.3 year cycle.
Smaller terms are less important for the fit, such as
a6
, b6
, a5
, and
b5
.
Typically, the El Nino warming happens at irregular intervals of two to seven years, and lasts nine months to two years. The average period length is five years. The model results reflect some of these periods.
Set Start Points
The toolbox calculates optimized start points for Fourier fits, based on the current data set. Fourier series models are particularly sensitive to starting points, and the optimized values might be accurate for only a few terms in the associated equations. You can override the start points and specify your own values.
After examining the terms and plots, it looks like a 4 year
cycle might be present. Try to confirm this by setting
w
. Get a value for w
, where 8 years = 96
months.
w = (2*pi)/96
w = 0.0654
Find the order of the entries for coefficients in the model
('f2') by using the coeffnames
function.
coeffnames(f2)
ans = 18x1 cell {'a0'} {'a1'} {'b1'} {'a2'} {'b2'} {'a3'} {'b3'} {'a4'} {'b4'} {'a5'} {'b5'} {'a6'} {'b6'} {'a7'} {'b7'} {'a8'} {'b8'} {'w' }
Get the current coefficient values.
coeffs = coeffvalues(f2)
coeffs = 1×18 10.6261 0.5668 0.1969 -1.2031 -0.8087 0.9321 0.7602 -0.6653 -0.2038 -0.0292 -0.3701 -0.0486 -0.1368 2.8112 1.3344 0.0798 -0.1076 0.0753
Set the last coefficient, w
, to 0.065.
coeffs(:,18) = w
coeffs = 1×18 10.6261 0.5668 0.1969 -1.2031 -0.8087 0.9321 0.7602 -0.6653 -0.2038 -0.0292 -0.3701 -0.0486 -0.1368 2.8112 1.3344 0.0798 -0.1076 0.0654
Set the start points for coefficients using the new value for
w
.
f3 = fit(month,pressure,'fourier8', 'StartPoint', coeffs);
Plot both fits to see that the new value for w
in
f3
does not produce a better fit than f2
.
plot(f3,month,pressure) hold on plot(f2, 'b') hold off legend( 'Data', 'f3', 'f2')
Find Fourier Fit Options
Find available fit options using
fitoptions(modelname)
, where modelname
is
the model type fourier
followed by the number of
terms, e.g., 'fourier1'
to 'fourier8'
.
fitoptions('fourier8')
ans = Normalize: 'off' Exclude: [] Weights: [] Method: 'NonlinearLeastSquares' Robust: 'Off' StartPoint: [1x0 double] Lower: [1x0 double] Upper: [1x0 double] Algorithm: 'Trust-Region' DiffMinChange: 1.0000e-08 DiffMaxChange: 0.1000 Display: 'Notify' MaxFunEvals: 600 MaxIter: 400 TolFun: 1.0000e-06 TolX: 1.0000e-06
If you want to modify fit options such as coefficient starting
values and constraint bounds appropriate for your data, or change
algorithm settings, see the options for NonlinearLeastSquares on
the fitoptions
reference page.
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