Question

Please answer questions 12/13/14/15 not other

Parapsychology Studies EXPLO 2.3 Statistician jessica Uts has conducted an eaxtensive analysis of Ganzfeld studies that have investigated paychic functioning Ganzfeld studies involve a Sender" and a receiver. Two people are placed in separate acoustically shieided rooms. The sender looks at a target image on a television screen (which may be a static photograph or a short movie segment playing repeatedly) and attempts to transmit information about the target to the receiver. The receiver is then shown four possible choices of targets one of which is the correct target and the other three are "decoys The receiver must choose the one he or she thinks best matches the description transmitted by the sender. If the correct target is chosen by the receiver, the session is a "hit Otherwise, it is a miss Utts reported that her analysis considered a total of 2,124 sessions and found a total of 709 "hits (Utts, 2010). 1. If the subjects in these studies have no psychic ability, what would be the long-run proba- bility that the receiver would identify the correct target? 2. State the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses for testing whether the daff pro- vide strong evidence of psychic ability. Be sure to define the parameter clearly hypotheses 3. Calculate the proportion of "hits (successful transmissions of the target image) among the 2,124 sessions that the researcher analyzed. Is this proportion larger than the null- hypothesized value for the probability of a successful transmission? 4. Use a simulation-based method to determine an approximate p-value for testing the hypotheses stated in #2). 6. Confirm that the validity conditions for a theory-based method are satisfied. Then use the theory-based method to calculate a standardized statistic and p-value for testing the hypotheses stated in 2). 6. Based on the p-values and standardized statistic, would you characterize the evidence against the null hypothesis as weak, moderate, strong, or very strong? Explain

Answer 1

Question 12

Here sample proportion = 15/50 = 0.30

the true proportion = 1/4 = 0.25

standard error of proportion = sqrt(0.25 * (1 - 0.25)/50) = 0.0612

Z = (0.30 - 0.25)/0.0612 = 0.8165

Here the p - value is

p- value = Pr(Z > 0.8165) = 0.2071

so here p - value is not significant here for 0.05 level and even for 0.10 level.

Question 13

here as we failed to reject the null hypothesis,we could be making type II error. Here this error means that the real probability of hitting target is more than 1/4 or 0.25 but by statistical analysis we failed to reject the null hypothesis that it is no more than 1/4

Question 14

If we reduce the significance level to 0.0001 level that will increase the chances of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true only 0.001.So here this decision will reduce the chance of making type I error.

QUestion 15

Here if we increase the significance level then it would be very tough to reject the null hypothesis in the case of sample size less than thousands.. It is because standard error of proportion will be high in that case and similarly, critical value of test statistics will be very high in the range of 3. So , that would effect the chances of rejecting the null hypothesis.