Question

Answer the following questions

Fill the following statements with the suitable name of urinary crystals according to their description

--------------------------- It is a urinary crystal tends to be formed in an acidic pH. It is octahedral in shape resemble two pyramids joined at their bases.

--------------------------- It is a urinary crystal with thorny apple shape and tends to be formed in alkaline pH

--------------------------- It is a urinary crystal that demonstrates concentric circles with radial striations

------------------------ it is a similar to cover slip with a notch in one corner

2. Mention the functions of synovial fluid

3. The presence of UTI by urease positive bacteria facilitates the formation of some urinary crystals. Discuss?

4. What are the consequences for each of the following in semen analysis:

Decrease seminal fluid:

Decrease prostatic fluid:

5. Discuss the use of protein electrophoresis in both serum and CSF for the diagnosis of:

(1) multiple sclerosis

(2) Damage of blood brain barrier

Answer 1

1, calcium oxalate crystals- urine crystals at acidic pH, octahedral in shape.it is present in normal acid urine. It is non pathological.

2,ammonium biurate crystals-crystals in alkaline pH, thorny apple appearance. It is yellow brown sphere shaped cyrstal found in normal alkaline urine.it is non pathological.

3 , Leucine crystals- crystals with concentric circle and radial striation.it is present in abnormal urine. It indicates liver disease, maple syrup disease.

4. Cholesterol crystals- crystals with notched corner. It indicates various renal diseases.

2, Functions is synovial fluid

Synovial fluid is the viscous liquid found in between the spaces in the synovial joints. The main function of synovial fluid is

Reduce the friction by lubricating the articular cartilage while movement.

It supplies O2 and removes CO2 from chondrocytes.

It provides nutrition to the articular cartilages and also prevents it from infection by the presence of phagocytic cells.

It absorbs shock while moving such as walking and jogging. It is a shock absorber.