Question

ect to thec cesped processes- with IRc

Answer 1

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Definition: Prokaryotes are very simple.They are essentilally molecules surrouded by cell membrane and cell wall.They don't contain distinct organelle and complex cells.They are round, rod like and spherical in shape Definition: Eukaryotes lack cell wall but all have cell membrane that contains cytoplasm, oganelles and a nuclues surrounded by a double membrane.Some orgnanelles include mitochondria, golgi complex, lysosomes and chloplast Nuclear material: Eukaryotes have nucleiseparated fronm the cytoplasm by a double membrane and containing both chromosomes and a nucleolus, The nuclear material of eukaryotes is arranged into multiple chromosomes bound to the protein histone Reproduction: Most of the eukaryotic cells spends its Nuclear material prokaryotes have no true nucleus with their nuclear material distributed diffusely throughout the interior of the cell. These contain a single circular strand of DNA and have no histones Reproduction: Prokaryotic cells reproduce by a

Reproduction: Prokaryotic cells reproduce by a process called binary fission, in which a strict duplication of original cells nto two copies of itself.Some prokaryotes reproduce by sexual means transferring some DNA from male to female. This process causes female prokaryotes to turn into male. Binary fission occurs rapidly every 20 Reproduction: Most of the eukaryotic cells spends its life cycle in interphase where no cell division occurs instead absorbs nutrients and duplicates its nuclear material by doubling the number of chromosomes it contains.Cell division occurs in eukaryotes by a process called mitoisis.After completion of mitosis compartmentalized nuclei become housed within their own separate cell as the whole structure.This process is called cytokinesis

Replication Replication: It occurs inside the cytoplasm Itoccurs inside the nucleus There is only one origin of replication per DNA molecule Only two replication fork is formed in each replicating prokaryotic chromosome, as DNA Prokaryotic chromosome has one replicon origin of replication are many in each eukaryotic chromosome A number of replication forks are formed simultaneously in each replicating DNA. replication is bidirectional. Eukaryotic DNA molecules have large number of replicons but replication does not occur simultaneously in all replicons. Numerous replication bubbles are formed during DNA replication Initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotes is carried out by multi subunit protein. One replication bubble i is formed during DNA replication Initiation of DNA replication in prokaryotes is carried out by protein DnaA and DnaB DNA gyrase is needed DNA gyrase is needed Okazakifragments are large,1000-2000 nucleotides long Replication is very rapid,Some 2000bp per second are added Okazaki fragments are short,100-200 nucleotides long Replication is slow 100 nucleotides persecond are added

Transcription Transcription Coupled transcription-translation is possible Occurs in cytoplasm. There is no definite phase for occurrence A single RNA polymerase Synthessises all three types of RNA (mRNA,tRNA,rRNA) RNAs are released and processed in cytoplasm Initiation of transcription does not need any protein or initiation factors. Pre RNA molecules are release and processed in cytoplasm. RNA polymerases are complex of 5 polypeptides The mRNA primary transcript hasfewer surplus nucleotides Transcriptional unit has one or more genes. Transcription and translation are almost same.Litte process of mRNA. Coupled transcription-translation is not possible Occurs in nucleus Take place in G1 and G2 phase of cell cycle The RNA polymerase 1,2,3 synthesizes rRNA,mRNA and tRNA respectively RNAs are released and processed in nucleus. Initiation of transcription need protein called transcription factors. Pre RNA molecules are release and processed in nucleus RNA polymerases are complexes of 10-15 polypeptides. The mRNA primary transcript has a large number of surplus nucleotides. Transcriptional unit has only one gene It includes processing of hn RNA.Addition of 5'cap and addition of 3' poly a tail.

The 23S, 16S and 5S rRNA are formed fromm The 28S, 18S, and 5.8S and 5S are formed single primary transcript. Inhibitors: Rifampin Actinomycin from two primary transcripts. Inhibitore: Amantin Translation: Translation: It occurs on 70S ribosomes. It is continuous process as both It occurs on 80S ribosomes It is discontinuous process transcription occurs in nucleus and translation occurs in cytoplasm transcription and translation places in cytoplasm mRNA is polycistronic. mRNA is monocistronic. First amino acid is MET First amino acid taking part is fMET. It is a slow process, adds1 amino acid per It is a faster process, adds about 20 amino second acids per second It requires set of nine initiation factors It requires 3 initiation factors. Itrequires 1release factors RF1. Itrequires 3 release factors RF1, RF2 and RF3 in the termination mRNA life is few hours to few days as it is stable mRNA life is short as mRNA is unstable