Question

It took the diagnosis of high blood pressure (hypertension) at the age of 45 to shock Max into taking better care of himself. A former college football player, he had since stopped exercising and started eating junk food, drinking heavily, and smoking. Max's physician had to prescribe two different antihypertensive medications in order to get his blood pressure under control. She also prescribed regular exercise, a low-salt diet, modest alcohol intake, and smoking cessation. Max had a family history of hypertension; his father had developed it at a young age as well, and ended up on dialysis before dying from complications of kidney failure. Max took his doctor's advice and began a dramatic lifestyle change. Ten years later at the age of 55, he was competing in triathlons. To gain an edge, he hired Tracey, a clinical exercise specialist. His most immediate concern was that he was experiencing problems with dehydration and fatigue during his races because he hadn't found an effective way to drink enough fluids while exercising. Tracey explained that Max's hydration status was complicated due to the medication he took to control his hypertension, and that renal status (as measured by urinalysis) was one of the tools she could use to evaluate his physiological state. Tracey logged the following results of Max's urinalysis before, immediately after, and six hours after a rigorous 2-hour run. Time Color Protein Glucose PH Specific Gravity 1.002 1.035 absent 6.0 pale yellow dark yellow absent absent small amount 4.5 Before exercise Immediately after exercise Six hours after exercise yellow 1.025 absent small amount 5.0

1. If glucose had been present in Max’s urine consistently (not just after a big meal), you would describe his condition as ________. This condition often results from ________.

   		hypernatremia; diabetes mellitus
   		hypernatremia; glomerulonephritis
   		glycosuria; diabetes mellitus
   		glycosuria; myocardial ischemia
   		glycosuria; nephrolithiasis

QUESTION 9

1. Lactic acid accumulation can be a consequence of intense exercise. Tracey notes that the pH of Max's urine is more _______ than normal immediately after exercise, and concludes that Max’s kidneys are working hard to defend his body against ________.

   		basic/alkaline; acidosis
   		basic/alkaline; alkalosis
   		acidic; acidosis
   		acidic; alkalosis

Answer 1

8 - The correct option is glycosuria; diabetes mellitus.

9 - The correct option is acidic; acidosis.